3D bioprinted aligned biomimetic hydrogel-based scaffolds in supported gel for 3D engineered anisotropic skeletal muscle tissue

Developing biomimetic hydrogel-based scaffolds that can mimic the native anisotropic skeletal muscle tissue structure for inducing 3D aligned myogenic differentiation remains an on going challenge.Herein,we presented a method to 3D bioprint fibrinogen and GelMA via free printing into the support gel to engineer 3D oriented skeletal muscle scaffolds.A 3D aligned biomimetic scaffold based on this double-network hydrogel bioink was further 3D printed within the Carbopol supported gel by using a printing gel-in-gel strategy to mimic the native anisotropic structure of skeletal muscle tissue,and the cell cultivation experiment performed on myoblast-laden 3D bioprinted aligned biomimetic scaffolds indicated the material's ability to guide 3D myoblast alignment and elongation.