论康德在道德形而上学对责任的论证

On Kant′s Demonstration of Responsibility in Moral Metaphysics

韩东屏教授认为康德伦理学"其实很烂",并企图以人本伦理学取而代之。康德伦理学作为一种典范,应该发展它,而非摧毁它。责任是沟通形而上学与实践人学的桥梁,也是康德道德形而上学得以成立的关键一环,通过对责任的三重论证,康德试图建构一套基于先验自由的道德形而上学。在本体性论证中,康德试图证明责任是对先验自由之无条件的尊重与服从,同时也是善良意志之充分展现。在价值性论证中,康德试图证明道德价值只能是"出于责任",同时,责任也是以目的王国作为其实现目标的。在实践性论证中,康德划分了责任的对象以及不同的约束程度,以此确定责任在实际运用过程中的准则。但是康德所谓的责任并不要求、也不可能对基于自由意志的道德法则予以排序或者予以排除,故在面对复杂多变的道德判断时,必然遭遇困境。应赋予善良意志合动机目的为一体的能力,给予情感、爱好、经验等合适的作用场域,使其负担起作为道德实践所需的必要力量,真正地将责任作为形而上学以及实践人学之间有效的桥梁,以实现修正康德伦理学的目的。

Professor Han Dongping believes that Kant′s ethics is"actually unreasonable"and he attempts to replace it with humanistic ethics.As a model,Kant′s ethics should be developed rather than being destroyed,since responsibility is the bridge between metaphysics and practical anthropology,and it is also a key link for the establishment of Kant′s moral metaphysics.Through the triple demonstration of responsibility,Kant tried to construct a set of moral metaphysics based on transcendental freedom.In the demonstration of ontology,Kant tried to prove that responsibility is the unconditional respect and obedience to transcendental freedom,and it is also the full display of good will.In the demonstration of value,Kant tried to prove that moral value can only stem"out of responsibility",and at the same time,responsibility also takes the kingdom of purpose as its goal.In the demonstration of practicality,Kant divided the objects of responsibility and different levels of restraint to determine the criteria for the actual application of responsibility.However,Kant′s so-called responsibility does not require and cannot sort or exclude the moral laws based on free will.Therefore,when faced with complex and changeable moral judgments,he was surely inevitable to encounter difficulties.The kind-hearted will should be granted the ability to integrate with motivation and purpose,and things like emotions,hobbies,and experience should be given appropriate fields of influence,so that they can bear the necessary strength as a moral practice,and truly take responsibility as an effective bridge between metaphysics and practical human studies,so as to achieve the purpose of revising Kant′s ethics.