行政相对人违法行为的附带司法审查模式探讨

On the Incidental Judicial Review Mode of the Illegal Act of the Private Party

大量的行政诉讼案例表明,法院通过司法复原的方式审查了行政行为的合法性,也同时审查了相对人行为的合法性或违法性,这是行政诉讼法学值得关注的新司法问题。关注相对人违法行为附带司法审查的限度和强度,应该注意相对人违法行为是否以及如何被法院审查的。行政诉讼审查实质是一种"双重行为"审查。一方面直接审查行政机关行政行为的合法性,另一方面间接审查相对人行为的合法或违法。"双重行为"审查可能导致法庭审查实际上背离了行政诉讼制度设立的行政行为合法性审查的目的,但是距离相对人权益保护的立法宗旨更近一步了。行政诉讼对相对人违法行为的审查也是一种综合审查,既包括事实审查和法律审查,也包括实质审查和裁量审查,但是其既不是形式审查也不是全面司法审查,也不是对相对人违法构成要件的审查。

A large number of administrative litigation cases show that the court not only reviews the legality of the administrative act by the way of judicial restoration,but also reviews the legality or illegality of the private party’s behavior,which is a new judicial issue worthy of attention in administrative litigation law.The issues concerning about the intensity and limits of the incidental judicial review of private party’s illegal activities should pay attention to whether and how private party’s illegal activities were reviewed by the court.The essence of administrative litigation review is a“dual-action”review.On the one hand,it directly reviews the legitimacy of administrative actions of administrative agencies,and on the other hand,it indirectly reviews the actions of private party,whether they are legal or illegal.This kind of“dual action”review may cause court review to actually deviate from the purpose of legality review of the administrative action established by the administrative litigation system,but it is one step closer to the legislative purpose of protecting the rights and interests of private party.Administrative litigation review is also a comprehensive review,including factual review and legal review,as well as discretionary review and substantive review.However,it is neither a formal review nor a comprehensive judicial review,nor a review of the constitutive elements of the private party’s violation of the law.