教育行政处罚制度的实践特征、变革动因与发展路向——兼论《教育行政处罚暂行实施办法》修改

The Practical Characteristics,Reform Motivation and Development Direction of Educational Administrative Punishment System:The Proposal for Amendment of the Interim Measures for the Implementation of Administrative Penalties for Education

教育行政处罚制度改革是全面深化教育领域综合改革的重要组成部分,也是清除教育行政执法体制机制障碍的关键举措。以1998-2020年75个涉及教育行政处罚的司法案例作为样本,通过分析教育行政处罚决定书、裁判依据和判决结果的相关数据,发现教育行政处罚实践存在专门规章适用率不高、非法定违法情形普遍、执法行为规范化不足和司法对行政监督乏力等特征,凸显了当前教育行政处罚制度在规范体系、违法情形、处罚程序和处罚实施等方面存在的不足。当前,深化教育行政处罚制度改革,应以新修订的《中华人民共和国行政处罚法》通过为契机,以实践困境与诉求为出发点,尽快启动《教育行政处罚暂行实施办法》的全面修改,进一步增强规范体系的系统性,扩大违法情形的覆盖面,推进处罚程序的法治化和提升处罚实施的实效性。

The reform of the educational administrative punishment system is an important part of the comprehensively deepening process of the reform of education,and it is also a key measure to remove the obstacles to the educational administrative law enforcement system and mechanism.This article selects 75 specific judicial cases referring to the"educational punishment measures"from 1998 to 2020 as samples,focusing on analyzing relevant data on the educational administrative penalty decision,the basis and results for the judgment.Overall,it found that the practice of educational administrative punishment has the characteristics of low application rate of special regulations,widespread non-statutory violations,insufficient standardization of law enforcement behavior,and weak judicial supervision of administrative supervision.It highlights the current deficiencies of the educational administrative punishment system in terms of standardization system,illegal situations,punishment procedures,and punishment implementation.At present,to deepen the reform of the educational administrative punishment system,we should take the opportunity of the amendment to the Administrative Punishment Law and take the practical difficulties and demands as the starting point to initiate the comprehensive revision of the educational punishment measures as soon as possible to further strengthen the system of the normative system,expand the coverage of the situations of violations,promote the legalization of the punishment procedure,and improve the effectiveness of the punishment implementation.