日本“固有领土”观念的生成与发展——兼论钓鱼岛并非日本的“固有领土”

Generation and Evolution of the“Inherent Territory”Idea in Japan--Also on the View that the Diaoyu Dao are not Japan’s“Inherent Territories”

"固有领土"一词表示某一领土"自古以来"便为某国所有。这种强调领土归属时空统一性的领土观念具有东亚文化特色,其影响力在东亚领土问题中延续至今。二战后最早积极构建"固有领土"话语并将其应用于领土政策中的东亚国家是日本,当前日本仍在日俄北方四岛/南千岛群岛争端、日韩竹岛/独岛争端和中日钓鱼岛争端中使用该词。在战后日本的政治话语中,"固有领土"存在五种内涵:国土、本土、乡土、生活圈、原住民领地,其中"国土"为日本政府推崇的主导观念。日本在钓鱼岛问题上使用的"固有领土"概念在内涵上和其他"日本固有领土"并不一致。钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿并非"自古以来"属于日本,而是于1895年被日本"窃取"的中国领土。无论基于日本政府的"无主地先占""固有本土"主张,还是非政府的琉球"乡土""生活圈""原住民领地"等视角,日本在钓鱼岛问题上的"固有领土论"都无法与法理和史实契合。因此,通过追溯日本"固有领土观"的生成历史、比较其在不同领土问题上的应用情况可知,钓鱼岛及其附属岛屿绝不属于"日本的固有领土"。

The term"inherent territory"indicates that a specific territory has been owned by a certain country since time immemorial.As a kind of territorial claim and political discourse which emphasizes the consistency of space and time of territorial possession,"inherent territory"is an East Asia-distinct idea,which still has influence on East Asian territorial problems today.Among East Asian countries,it was Japan who first actively constructed the"inherent territory"discourse and applied it to territorial policies.The term is still alive today in Japan-Russia Northern Territories/Southern Kuril Islands dispute,Japan-Korea Takeshima/Dokdo Islands dispute,and Sino-Japanese Diaoyu Dao dispute.This article suggests that in postwar Japanese political discourse,"inherent territory"contains five connotations:national territory,mainland,hometown,living area,and native land.Among them,"national territory"is a dominant discourse upheld by the Japanese government.The concept of"inherent territory"used by Japan on the Diaoyu Dao dispute is inconsistent with other"Japanese inherent territories"in connotation.The Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands did not belong to Japan"since ancient times",but were Chinese territory"stolen"by Japan in 1895.Whether based on the Japanese government’s"occupation of terra nullius"and"inherent mainland"claims,or the non-governmental Ryukyu"hometown","living area",and"native land"perspectives,Japan’s Diaoyu Dao"inherent territorial theory"are legally and historically groundless.Therefore,by tracing the history of Japan’s"inherent territory view"and comparing its application on different territorial issues,it can be known that the Diaoyu Dao and its affiliated islands are by no means"Japan’s inherent territory".