全球可再生能源治理中的制度性领导:德国外交路径及其启示

Institutional Leadership in Global Renewable Energy Governance:German Diplomacy and Its Implications

德国所颁布的雄心勃勃的可再生能源目标不仅成为其国内低碳转型的核心支柱,同时也深刻地影响了其外交政策和战略定位。鉴于可再生能源议题在联合国层面一直滞缓难行,德国用了将近三十年的外交实践来推进全球可再生能源治理的制度化进程,通过召开国际清洁能源大会(IRECS)、建立21世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)和国际可再生能源机构(IRENA)等多元路径塑造自身在全球可再生能源治理中的制度性领导力。基于对制度性领导概念内涵和运行机制以及德国外交发展路径的系统性分析,可以看出德国通过企业家型、话语理念型和方向型领导路径来打造一种制度性领导优势,且不同制度性领导路径之间相互支持。面对各种阻碍势力和制度性竞争者,德国通过话语框定、主场外交、议程嵌入、盟友寻求及共识网络建构等外交策略选择不断推进其制度性领导步伐。鉴于德国制度性领导的外交路径经验,中国需要利用自身在可再生能源上的结构性优势,通过灵活多元的可再生能源外交,提升在全球能源转型与可再生能源治理中的绿色制度性话语权。

Germany’s ambitious renewable energy drive not only is the core pillar of its domestic low-carbon transformation,but also profoundly affects its foreign policy and strategic positioning.Since the issue of renewable energy has stalled at the level of the United Nations,Germany has used nearly 30 years of its diplomacy to shape its own institutional leadership in the global renewable energy governance,for example,by holding the first International Clean Energy Conference(IREC),and helping establish the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century(REN21)and the International Renewable Energy Agency(IRENA).A systematic analysis of institutional leadership(including the concept and how it works)and German diplomatic practice shows that Germany has sought to create an advantageous institutional leadership by utilizing the entrepreneurial,discursive and directive leadership styles where pathways in each style support each other.Facing various obstacles and institutional competitors,Germany has adopted diversified diplomatic strategies such as discursive framing,home diplomacy,agenda setting,coalition building,and consensus building to continuously advance its institutional leadership.Drawing on the German experience in institutional leadership,China needs to make use of its own structural advantages in renewable energy,transform itself from a big green energy country into a great green energy power through flexible renewable energy diplomacy,and enhance its institutional discursive influence in global energy transformation and renewable energy governance.