董仲舒问答法解《春秋》探析

Exploration of Dong Zhongshu's Question-answer Method of Interpreting The Spring and Autumn Annals

继孔子之后,西汉董仲舒在下帷讲学期间完美阐释了启发式教学法。孔子在书写《春秋》之时有避讳与畏惧、褒贬与善恶、合道与非礼、常变与亲疏等现实处境与情感向背因素,使得《春秋》的书法与辞法有常变之别、事实与描述有抵牾之处。在《春秋繁露》中,董仲舒问答体解经即以这些问题为切入点而设问,而以史实、《春秋》辞法、《春秋》大义作答,通过对一件事的分析而上升到对一类事的总结,最后完成对《春秋》义理的阐发。而揭示《春秋》义理,才是董仲舒问答体解经的最终目的。董仲舒的问答式教学法对于启发学生发现问题、深入挖掘与理解文字背后的圣人之言与《春秋》之意有着极为重要的意义。

Following Confucius,Dong Zhongshu in the Western Han Dynasty perfectly explained the heuristic teaching method while giving lectures.When Confucius wrote The Spring and Autumn Annals,there were factors of realistic situation and emotional support and opposition,such as avoidance and fear,praise or blame,good and evil,harmony and impropriety,constant change and degree of intimacy,which made the method of writing and rhetoric of the work have constant changes,the facts contradict the description.In Chunqiu FanLu,Dong Zhongshu's question-answer interpretation of classics started from asking above-mentioned questions,and then answered them with the historical facts,rhetoric and principles of right and wrong of The Spring and Autumn Annals,summarizing the same category by the analysis of one thing and finally finishing the elucidation of work's argumentation,which was the ultimate goal of Dong Zhongshu's question-answer interpretation of classics.Dong Zhongshu's question-answer teaching method was extremely important for inspiring students to discover problems,to dig deeper into and understand the words of Confucius and the meaning of The Spring and Autumn Annals.