负面评价构式“大[X]的”构式化及相关问题分析

Structuralization of Negative Evaluation Construction“da[X]de”and Analysis of Related Problems

“大[X]的”是现代汉语口语中常用的构式。该构式中,“X”多为时间名词,少量空间、职务名词,其共同的语义特征是含有顺序义;“大”表示该时间空间范围内在某些特征方面达到较深的程度;“的”表示说话人的主观评价。“大[X]的”表示该时间或空间范围内应该或不应该做某事,同时表达说话人的主观负面情感。“大[X]的”的构式化过程为:大X→[大X]的→大[X]的。因该构式总是引发说话人的负面情感,故称其为“负面评价构式”。“[X]家家的”与“大[X]的”是形式相近功能相同的构式。词典释义与语文教学中应区分词义和构式义。

“da[X]de”is a construction commonly used in modern spoken Chinese.In this construction,“X”is mostly time noun,a few being space or post noun.The common semantic feature is containing ordinal meaning.“da”indicates the deeper extent to which certain features are achieved within the time or space,and“de”shows the speaker's subjective evaluation.“da[X]de”indicates something that should or should not be done within the time or space,while expressing the speaker's negative subjective emotions.The construction process of“da[X]de”is“da X→[da X]de→da[X]de”.This construction is called“negative evaluation construction”because it always causes negative emotions of the speaker.“[X]Jia jia de”and“da[X]de”are constructions with similar forms and the same functions.Dictionary definition and Chinese teaching should distinguish between word meanings and constructional meanings.