“胡塞尔—皮亚杰”视角中的康德知识学框架的改造

Reconstruction of Kant's Epistemology Framework from the Perspective of"Husserl-Piaget"

康德感性、知性、理性的知识学框架一直被学界视为经典,但远不能说业已完善。文章以胡塞尔先验哲学为背景并引入皮亚杰的先验范畴思想,在相互比较中再次对康德知识学进行考察。经梳理发现,应该对康德知识学中的基本问题进行如下改造:其一,先验范畴作为主体所具有的先验认识形式,绝非先天就有的,而是先验主体在意识活动中发生发展而来,包含“概念”和“前概念”两层基本结构,并均有“内容”与“逻辑”两个方面;其二,知识是主体在意识中“发生—构造”而来的,其中,感性认识与理性认识呈现出既相关又不同的发生发展路径;其三,历史中“发生—构造”而来的习性的认知,会对认识主体当下构造的知识内容与结构起到支配作用。

Kant's framework of perceptual,intellectual and rational knowledge has always been regarded as a classic by academic circles,but it is far from being perfect.This paper takes Husserl's transcendental philosophy as the background and introduces Piaget's transcendental category thought,and makes a re-examination of Kant's epistemology through mutual comparison.After combing,it is argued that the basic problems in Kant's knowledge should be reformed as follows:first,the transcendental category,as the form of transcendental cognition possessed by the subject,is not innate,but the transcendental subject develops in his conscious activities,including two basic structures of"concept"and"pre-concept",both of which have two aspects of"content"and"logic".Secondly,knowledge comes from the subject's"occurrence-construction"in consciousness,in which perceptual knowledge and rational knowledge present both related and different paths of occurrence and development.Thirdly,the cognition of habits from"occurrence-construction"in history will play a dominant role in the content and structure of knowledge constructed by the cognitive subject at present.