未成年被害人“当事人”地位的反思及其实践路径

Reflection on the Litigant Status of the Juvenile Victim and Its Practice Path

未成年人作为中国特色社会主义事业的接班人,其身心健康与合法权益历来受到我国立法部门的高度重视。但《未成年人保护法》的再次修订并不足以应对复杂的侵害未成年人事件的发生,尤其是严重侵害未成年人的犯罪案件,因此,《刑事诉讼法》的及时介入成为当前形势发展的必要选择。通过司法对实践的审视可以发现,未成年被害人不仅在司法实践中具有明显的“工具人”特征,而且在立法上也成了“被遗忘的当事人”,因而将其置于一般“当事人”的地位并不利于改善其诉讼境遇、保障其诉讼权利。通过进一步有针对性的理论梳理和实践考察后发现,侵害未成年人案件普遍存在主体被害性较高、案件类别相对集中以及权利保障法律专门化等特征,据此赋予未成年被害人“特殊当事人”地位是理论和现实的必然要求,而这需要从知情权的优先落实、隐私权的全面保护、人格尊严权的充分落实等实体角度以及对其诉讼参与权的尽量满足、陈述意见权的充分关照、刑事和解权的适当尊重等程序视角两方面入手方能实现。

As the successor of socialism with Chinese characteristics,juveniles'physical and mental health and legal rights and interests have always been highly valued by China's legislative departments.However,the revision of the Juvenile Protection Law is not enough to deal with the complicated infringement events,especially criminal cases that seriously violate minors.Therefore,the timely intervention of the Criminal Procedure Law has become a necessary choice for the development of the current situation.Through the examination of practice,it can be found that juvenile victims not only have the obvious characteristics of instrument man in judicial practice,but also become forgotten litigant in legislation,so they are placed in the general litigant,the status is not conducive to improving their litigation situation and protecting their litigation rights.After further pertinent theoretical combing and practical inspections,it is found that cases of infringement of minors generally have the characteristics of high subject victimization,relatively concentrated case types,and specialization of rights protection laws.Based on this,juvenile victims are given special litigant,the status is an inevitable requirement of theory and reality,it can be achieved by starting with both the procedure and the perspective of the priority implementation of the right to know,the comprehensive protection of the right to privacy,and the full respect of the right to human dignity,as well as the satisfaction of the right to participate in litigation,the right to state opinions,and the proper respect for the right to criminal reconciliation,etc.