美国儿童虐待的循证实践及启示

Evidence-Based Practice on Child Abuse in USA and its Inspiration for Child Abuse Intervention in China

近年来,儿童虐待问题在我国引发广泛关注,减少儿童虐待需要科学有效的干预措施。以证据为本的儿童虐待干预实践能确保有效的干预实施,降低儿童虐待发生率,因此在国外,尤其是美国,获得了极大的发展。本研究基于生态系统理论对美国儿童虐待循证实践的发展历程进行回顾,明确当前儿童虐待循证实践的挑战,探讨我国儿童虐待循证实践的发展模式。研究发现,在美国,联邦及各级政府重视并鼓励循证实践,社会工作者具有开展儿童虐待干预服务的法定权利,儿童虐待循证干预种类繁多,社会工作儿童虐待服务重视证据积累。但美国的儿童虐待循证实践也面临着儿童福利系统和教育系统存在利益分歧、循证实践教学受到制约、儿童照料者依从性不足等诸多挑战。有鉴于此,结合我国的儿童虐待问题实际,本研究提出我国儿童虐待循证实践的发展需要从国家宏观系统、中观实施主体以及微观具体干预三个层面做出努力。

Child abuse is a serious social problem in China,which is in urgent need of scientific and effective intervention.Evidence-based child abuse intervention practice can ensure effective intervention and reduce the incidence of child abuse,and therefore greatly develops abroad,especially in the United States in recent years.On the basis of Ecological Systems Theory,this study reviews the history and current challenges of evidence-based practice of child abuse in the United States,and discusses the possible inspiration for child abuse intervention in China.This study found that the governments at federal and other levels value and encourage evidence-based practice in the United States.Social workers have the statutory right to provide child abuse intervention service.Many types of evidence-based child abuse interventions are developed.Evidence creation and accumulation are valued in social work child abuse intervention service.However,the evidence-based child abuse practice faces many challenges,such as the difference of interest between the child welfare and education system at the macro level,the constraints of evidence-based practice teaching at the meso level,and the lack of compliance of child caregivers at the micro level.In view of this,combined with the actual situation of child abuse in China,the development of evidence-based practice on child abuse requires joint efforts at the macro-meso-micro level:at the macro level,advocating prevention and intervention policy and financial support for evidence-based child abuse practice from national and local administrative departments,formulating evidence-based child abuse practice norms and intervention standards;at the meso level,promoting awareness and teaching of evidence-based practice,learning from existing knowledge,and accumulating research evidence and building evidence clearinghouse;at the micro level,reinforcing the coordination and cooperation of relevant parties.