人生路向与文明类型:梁漱溟历史哲学中的“人”“文”交构

Life Direction and Civilization Type:The Intersection of“Life”and“Civilization”in Liang Shuming’s Historical Philosophy

西方文明与中国在甲午之后的相遇,给中国带来了暴力与创伤,但更重要的是它以一套近代的历史哲学叙述,将中国文明贬抑为传统的归属于过去的静态与停滞的文明。梁漱溟本人在1920年代完成由佛归儒的人生转变,基于人生路向与文明类型的互构,重思中国文明的世界历史意义问题。他在人生三大问题(人对物的问题、人对人的问题、人对自己的问题)、三种基本态度(向前、持中、向后)、三种文明类型(西方、中国、印度)三者之间建立对应关系,以此方式回应西方的历史哲学中的文明论述。在西方历史哲学中被作为世界历史终点的西方文明被梁漱溟重新安置在以向前的人生态度解决人对物的问题的现时代,现时代是一个即将完成的时代,也是世界历史的开端;继之而来的则是以持中态度解决人对人问题的中国文明时代,位居世界历史最后纪元的则是印度文明,它是以向后态度面对人对自己问题的文明类型。梁漱溟的历史文化哲学论述,虽然对西方近代的历史哲学有所翻转,但仍然受制于将同时性的多元文明编排在历时性的一元性文明进程论述的架构内。

The meeting between Western and Chinese civilization after the Sino-Japanese War brought violence and harm to China,but more importantly,it belittled Chinese civilization as a traditional static and suspended civilization belonging to the past with a set of modern historical philosophy.Liang Shuming completed his life transformation from Buddhism to Confucianism in 1920s.Based on the mutual construction of life direction and civilization type,he reconsidered the historical significance of Chinese civilization in the world.He established corresponding relations among the three major issues of life(people to things,people to people,people to themselves),three basic attitudes(forward,middle,backward)and three types of civilization(West,China,India),so as to respond to the civilization discourse in western historical philosophy.In the western philosophy of history,Western civilization,regarded as the end of world history,was relocated by Liang Shuming to the present era of solving the issue of people to things with a forward attitude towards life.The present era is an era about to be completed,and it is also the beginning of world history.Next came the era of Chinese civilization in which the issue of people to people was solved with a Chinese attitude,and the Indian civilization in the final era of world history,faced with the issue of people to themselves with a backward attitude.Although Liang Shuming's exposition of historical and cultural philosophy has reversed the western modern historical philosophy,it is still constrained by the arrangement of simultaneous multi-civilization in the framework of diachronic unitary civilization process.