摘要
Coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)and helminths infections can be in a synergistic epidemic in developing and suburban areas of industrialized countries.The coinfected hosts will derive a parasite-specific Th2 innate and adaptive immune response with CD4+T cells,eosinophils,interleukin-4,interleukin-5,and interleukin-10.In the early stages of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2(SARS-CoV-2)infection,virus-specific Th1 cytotoxic CD8+T cell,interleukin-6,interferon-γ,and interleukin-27 by lung are keys in controlling viral replication in the lung epithelial cells and limiting the pathology to other organs,like the intestine.CD4+and CD8+T cells are associated with protective immunity against and during COVID-19.However,viral evasion mechanisms occur.Interference of the interferon-γsecretion,like in helminths immunomodulation,can contribute to COVID-19 severity.Immunomodulation can result in mild,moderate,or severe COVID-19 depending on which helminth is coinfecting by regulating or avoiding host cytokine and pro-inflammatory response,decreasing viral load,and affecting vaccine-induced antibody response.We discuss the implications of immunomodulation on COVID-19 caused by helminth co-infection and for public health in the context of COVID-19 vaccine use in helminth endemic zones.
