作物种质资源库的设计与建设要求

Design and Construction of Crop Germplasm Genebank

作物种质资源库主要包括低温种质库、种质圃、试管苗库和超低温库。我国已经建成由55个库(圃)组成的国家作物种质资源保存设施体系,包括国家作物种质长期库1个、复份库1个、中期库10个、种质圃43个(含2个试管苗库),保存资源总量突破52万份,居世界第2位。由于我国是作物种质资源大国,种质资源保护设施不完善、容量不足等问题是制约农业种质资源保护与利用快速发展的瓶颈之一,国家和部分省市正在筹建或改扩建种质库。种质库的设计与建设是一项技术性很强的科技项目,然而目前尚未有种质库的设计与建设标准,致使部分种质库存在诸多缺陷,影响了其发挥正常功能。本文系统概述作物种质库保存设施类型及其保存对象、我国作物种质库的职责定位、种质库设计原则和技术参数等要求,以期对作物种质资源保存设施建设起到指导借鉴作用。鉴于种质库建设一次性投入较大,且在今后运行过程中需要一定人力和物力,进一步提出了3点建议,以供在投资建设种质库时慎重参考。

The crop germplasm resource Genebank mainly includes low temperature genebank,field genebank,in vitro genebank and cryo-genebank. China has established a national crop-germplasm resource conservation facility system consisting of 55 facilities,including 1 long-term genebank,1 backup genebank,10 mid-term genebanks,and 43 field genebanks(including 2 in vitro genebanks). A total of 520000 accessions have been conserved at the national conservation system,which is ranking the second in the world. Although the protection and utilization of crop germplasm resources have achieved remarkable in China,there are several serious problems,such as the facilities imperfect and the capacity insufficient,which is one of the bottlenecks restricting the rapid development of the protection and utilization of germplasm resources. Several projects on building or expanding of national or provincial genebanks in China have been planned. However,the design and construction of a genebank is highly technical and requires a well-illustrated standard pipeline,in order to overcome possible issues and maximize its function. This article summarizes the facilities of National Crop Genebank of China(NCGC) as well its responsibilities,design principles and technical parameters,which provides a consideration to guide the construction of a crop germplasm genebank. In view of the large investment in genebank construction and the need for certain manpower and material resources in the future operation process,three suggestions are further put forward for careful reference when investing in the construction of genebanks.