论现阶段国际铁路运单融资功能的实现——非物权凭证化方法的尝试

A Study on the Realization of the Financial Function of International Railway Bill——An Attempt to the Way of Non-document of Title

铁路运单不是物权凭证,无法用于信用证结汇和融资,严重阻碍了以中欧班列为代表的国际铁路货物运输的发展。目前实践中的铁路运单物权凭证化创新方法,尚存意思自治无法创设物权凭证效力、国际多式联运单证物权凭证效力存疑的问题。为解决国际铁路运单融资问题,宜采取非物权凭证化的方法。在法理上,铁路运单作为不可转让单证与物权凭证效力不具有体系关联、物权凭证功能与担保功能不具备唯一的因果关系;在实践上,应构建以银行为名义发/收货人的综合创新模式,即以银行为名义发/收货人为基础保障控货权,通过动产质押担保、禁止处分条款或控制条款的纯合同约束等多种法律手段所构建的融资模式。

The railway bill is not a document of title and cannot be used for the settlement and financing of letters of credit,which seriously hinders the development of international railway cargo transportation represented by the China Railway Express.In the current practice,the innovation method of titlized railway bill still has problems that the autonomy of will cannot create the legal effects of the document of title,and the validity of document of title of the international multimodal transport document is under suspicion.In order to solve the financing problem of international railway bill,it is advisable to adopt the method of non-document of title.In legal theory,the effectiveness of the railway bill as a non-transferable document is not systematically related to the effectiveness of the document of title,the function of the document of title and security function do not have the only causal relationship;in practice,a comprehensive and innovative model is constructed in which the bank as the sender/receiver,namely guarantees the right to control goods based on the sender/receiver in the name of the bank,then a financing model constructed by various legal means such as the pledge of movable property,and the pure contractual constraint like NODISP clause or the CONTROL clause.