畜禽钙磷和微量元素营养研究进展

Research Progress on Calcium,Phosphorus and Trace Elements Nutrition in Livestock and Poultry

矿物元素在畜禽生长发育、新陈代谢、神经活动、免疫功能、内分泌等几乎所有的生命活动过程中都发挥着重要的生理作用,分为钙、磷、钠、镁等常量元素和铁、锰、钴、铜等微量元素。某种矿物元素摄入不足或在体内过量蓄积、矿物元素间比例失调,都将引起严重后果。随着畜禽养殖业的集约化规模化发展,饲用矿物元素用量迅速增加,但存在不合理使用的情况,造成了资源浪费和环境污染。因此,在满足畜禽营养需要量的前提下,合理地使用矿物元素剂型及剂量,实现降低矿物元素经畜禽粪污向环境中的排放量,不仅利于集约化畜禽养殖业的发展,同时也能有效降低畜禽粪污中的重金属含量,为种植业提供优良的有机肥来源,维护生态系统的平衡,促进种植业和养殖业的可持续健康发展。基于此,以畜禽体内含量最高的常量元素钙磷和微量元素为切入点,介绍了饲用矿物元素的应用现状、畜禽矿物元素基础需要量及合适的添加范围,着重综述了新型饲用微量元素的开发与应用进展,并探讨了矿物元素动态饲喂模式的可行性及有效性,以期为合理利用矿物元素资源及进一步解决全球生态农业研究的畜禽矿物元素导致的环境污染提供参考。

Mineral elements play an important physiological role in almost all life activities of livestock and poultry,such as growth and development,metabolism,nerve activity,immune function,endocrine,etc.They are divided into major elements such as calcium,phosphorus,sodium and magnesium,and trace elements such as iron,manganese,cobalt and copper.Inadequate intake or excessive accumulation of certain mineral elements in the body and imbalance between mineral elements will cause serious consequences.With the intensive and large-scale development of livestock and poultry breeding industry,the consumption of mineral elements for feeding has increased rapidly,but there are some unreasonable uses,resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution.Therefore,on the premise of meeting the nutritional requirements of livestock and poultry,rational use of mineral element dosage forms and dosage to reduce the emission of mineral elements into the environment through livestock and poultry manure is not only beneficial to the development of intensive livestock and poultry breeding,but also can effectively reduce the heavy metal content in livestock and poultry manure,provide excellent organic fertilizer sources for planting industry,maintain the balance of ecosystem and promote the sustainable and healthy development of planting and breeding industry.Based on this,taking calcium and phosphorus,which are major elements with the highest content in livestock and poultry,and trace elements as the breakthrough point,the application status of feeding mineral elements,basic requirements and appropriate adding range of mineral elements of livestock and poultry were introduced,the development and application progress of new feeding trace elements was emphatically summarized,and the feasibility and effectiveness of dynamic feeding mode of mineral elements was discussed,in order to provide reference for rational utilization of mineral elements resources and further solving environmental pollution caused by livestock and poultry mineral elements in global ecological agriculture research.