水联网智慧灌区节水灌溉技术综合水效率评价研究

A Comprehensive Evaluation System for Water-saving Irrigation Projects

【目的】针对节水灌溉规模化推广遇到的问题,构建适应现阶段发展的综合水效率评价体系。【方法】结合文献调研、内涵分析、知识管理重构,从技术水平、经济社会、生态环保3个维度,提出了精量性、经济性、智能性、生态性、低碳性5个方面的节水灌溉综合水效率评价指标体系。精量性包括灌溉水有效利用系数、灌水均匀度和量水技术推广率;经济性包括增产率、投资回收年限和水费收缴率;智能性包括运行管理便利、土壤墒情监测率和水源风险适应性;生态性包括植被覆盖、土壤盐碱化改善和地表水及地下水改善程度;低碳性包括节能和省地。【结果】用层次分析法评价了甘肃、宁夏、青海3省(区)万亩级水联网节水灌溉示范区综合水效率,青海光伏提水节灌示范区因光伏提水效能提升、灌溉均匀度提高和实现远程控制无人值守,综合水效率提升了32.8%;甘肃自流精量节灌示范区因实施测控一体化闸门全渠系智能调度,提升了灌水可控性、计量可靠性和水费缴纳率,降低能耗、节省劳力,综合水效率提升了26.6%;宁夏扬黄挖潜节灌示范区因改进了泵站机组流量匹配、延长了水联网链路,提升了供水能力、节水能力和灌溉保证率,综合水效率提升了27.5%。【结论】灌区现代化发展要建立从源头到田间全过程的综合效能评价体系,提升灌区数字化监测、智能化控制、精准化调度水平是提升灌区综合水效率的主导因素。

【Objective】Implementation of saving-water irrigation is a strategy affecting not only crop growth but also many other aspects directly or indirectly.How to comprehensively evaluate its consequence is an issue that remains largely elusive.The purpose of this paper is to fill this knowledge gap.【Method】A comprehensive evaluation system for water-saving irrigation projects was constructed,with its impacts on technical aspect,socioeconomic aspect,and ecological and environmental aspect taken into account.It considered irrigation precision and intelligence,economical return,and consequence for ecology and carbon;the evaluation system was built based on literature review,content analysis and knowledge management reconstruction.The precision includes effective utilization of irrigation water,irrigation uniformity and implementation of water measurement technologies;the economy includes crop yield increase,investment return,and timely payment for water bills;intelligence includes convenience of operation and management of irrigation project,as well as soil-moisture monitoring network;ecology includes vegetation coverage,soil salinization,surface water and groundwater improvement;carbon includes land and energy saving.We applied the model to three>10000 mu(1650 acres)irrigation districts with smart irrigation system in Gansu,Ningxia and Qinghai province,respectively.【Result】In Qinghai province,the unattended and remote-control photovoltaic water lifting and micro-irrigation district improved photovoltaic water lifting efficiency and irrigation uniformity,thereby increasing comprehensive water efficiency by 32.8%.In Gansu province,implementation of the intelligent scheduling of canals with integrated gates for measurement and control increased the comprehensive water efficiency by 26.6%due to the improved irrigation automation,reliability of measurement,timely payment for water bills,and reduction in energy and labor.In Ningxia,the improvement in flow matching of pumping station units and extended water networking link increased its comprehensive water efficiency by 27.5%due to the enhanced water supply,water saving irrigation guarantee.【Conclusion】Constructing modern irrigation districts needs a comprehensive evaluation system to evaluate its impact not only on crops but also on many other aspects such as automatic monitoring of soils and crop traits,intelligent control and precise scheduling of the irrigation projects.