考虑产出随机的采购策略选择与供应链协调

Procurement strategy determining and supply chain coordination with random yields

新冠肺炎疫情或地震、洪涝灾害发生后,紧急提供相关物资或物料的供应商在交易中可处于主导地位,即使其供应数量在客户允许的范围内波动,客户也可接受。订单式生产模式下,针对由制造商与供应商构成的二级供应链,考虑各企业产出具有随机性,分别基于灵活采购策略及固定采购策略构建集中及分散情形下的优化模型,分析不同采购策略下订购/投产量决策及绩效的差异性,针对灵活采购策略提出了收益共享、风险共担及产出不足惩罚协调机制,针对固定采购策略提出了批发价折扣、收益共享及风险共担协调机制。研究表明,制造商的最优订购量在灵活采购策略/集中情形下最大,固定采购策略/集中情形下次之,两种采购策略/分散情形下最小且相等;相比于固定采购策略,灵活采购策略下供应商最优投产量更接近制造商订购量。从绩效角度分析,灵活采购策略更有利于供应链整体及供应商,而固定采购策略更有利于制造商。最后,给出了选择不同采购策略的内外部条件,且从加强信息共享、提高战略互信及防止道德风险等方面提出了改善措施。

After the outbreak of epidemic of COVID-19,earthquakes or floods,the suppliers who urgently provide related goods or materials may be dominant in the transaction between buyers and sellers.Even if the quantities of goods fluctuate within a certain range,the customer can accept it and expects transaction.Under the mode of Make-to-order(MTO),for the supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a supplier with random yields,the optimization models about centralized and decentralized situation were established respectively based on flexible and fixed procurement strategy,and the differences of optimal ordering quantities,input quantities and performances between the two procurement strategies was analyzed.For the flexible procurement strategy,the coordination mechanism of revenues and risks sharing,outputs deficiency punishment was proposed;while for the fixed procurement one,the coordination mechanism was revenues and risks sharing,and wholesale price discount.The research showed that the optimal order quantities of manufacturer were the largest under flexible procurement strategy/centralized situation,then the second largest under fixed procurement strategy/centralized situation,and was the minimum and equal under decentralized situation for different strategies;for the supplier,the input quantities under flexible strategy was closer to the order quantities than the fixed strategy;from the perspective of performances analysis,the flexible procurement strategy was more beneficial to the whole supply chain and the supplier,while the fixed procurement one was more beneficial to the manufacturer.The internal and external conditions for determining purchasing strategies were given,and some measures were proposed to strengthen information sharing,promote strategic mutual trust and prevent moral hazard.