资源依赖与精英权威:农村社会组织与基层政府的双向依赖和监督

Resource Dependence and Elite Authorities:Mutual Dependence and Supervision Between Rural Social Organizations and Grassroots' Government

在资源依赖理论视角下,关注政府与社会组织之间权力关系的已有文献忽略了组织内部或外部拥有资源的精英权威。本文基于对江西省洪一乡慈善会的实地调查发现:精英权威的资源供给和动员能力使乡政府与慈善会之间形成了不均衡的双向依赖和不平等的双向监督关系。双向依赖体现为:乡政府依赖慈善会整合资源和提高公共服务水平,这种依赖对乡政府而言是非关键性的。然而,慈善会对乡政府的依赖是关键性的,乡政府是慈善会获得合法身份最重要的支持者和协助者。同时,在人口大量外流的现实背景下,慈善会的日常运行和管理决策也要依赖乡政府。双向监督体现为:乡政府嵌入慈善会的组织架构与日常运行,对其的监督是全方位的。而慈善会虽然通过精英权威的影响力监督乡政府的工作,但这种监督是受到限制的。在双向依赖和监督关系的影响下,"悬浮"的乡政府通过与慈善会的互动深度融入村庄,并积极推动同类社会组织发展以拓宽资源获取渠道。同时,慈善会努力保持高度自主性并通过采取灵活策略减少乡政府的干预。

From the perspective of resource dependence theory, the existing literature concerning the power relationship between the government and social organizations ignores the elite authorities with resources inside or outside the organizations. Based on the investigation of the Charity Association of Hongyi Township in Jiangxi Province, this article finds that the resource supply and mobilization abilities of the elite authorities make the township government and the Charity Association form an unbalanced twoway dependence and unequal two-way supervision relationship. The two-way dependence is reflected as follows: the township government relies on the Charity Association to integrate resources and improve the level of public services, which is not critical for the township government. However, it is crucial for the Charity Association to rely on the township government, who is the most important supporter and helper for the Charity Association to obtain a legal status. At the same time, under the background of massive outflow of population, the daily operation and management decision-making of the Charity Association also depend on the township government. The two-way supervision is reflected in the following manner: the township government is embedded in the organizational structure and daily operation of the Charity Association, and the supervision is all-round. Although the Charity Association supervises the work of the township government through the influence of the elite authorities, this kind of supervision is limited. Under the influence of two-way dependence and supervision, the "suspended" township government deeply integrates into the village through the interaction with the Charity Association, and actively promotes the development of similar social organizations to broaden the channels of resource acquisition. At the same time, the Charity Association strives to maintain a high degree of autonomy and reduce the intervention of the township government by adopting flexible strategies.