日本初期议会期藩阀政府与民党关系之演变

The Evolution of the Relations Between the Government Dominated by Feudatory Leaders and Political Parties at the Initial Stage of Parliamentarism in Japan

日本议会开设之初,藩阀政府与民党围绕两大对立点展开角逐和博弈:一是"超然主义"与"责任内阁",二是"富国强兵"与"休养民力"。藩阀政府秉持"超然主义"政治理念,以"富国强兵"政策对抗众议院中占据多数的民党提出的"休养民力"政策,采取多种手段,艰难通过遭削减的预算案。通过与民党的反复较量,最终留给藩阀政府的唯一选择只能是接近民党,对"超然主义"进行修正,与民党妥协。民党坚持"责任内阁"论,虽然可以依靠在众议院的席位优势削减预算,却很难实现"休养民力"政策和建立政党内阁的目标。两者的关系经历了一个从对立到接近以至妥协的演变过程。这种演变不仅为甲午战后藩阀政府与政党(民党)的合作奠定了基础,而且推动了近代日本藩阀政党化的历史进程,为二战前日本政党政治的出现提供了重要的前提条件。

In the wake of the establishment of the imperial parliament of Japan,the government dominated by feudatory leaders and the political parties had long engaged in rivalry and game.The government dominated by feudatory leaders advocated“agovernment of detachment”and“building aprosperous Japan with a powerful army”,while the political parties stood for“a responsible cabinet”,and“resting and building up public strength”.In the parliament,the political parties holding the majority required cuts of the budget proposed by the government,and the government laboured through various methods and made the budget passed.After several rounds of contests,the government came to realize that they had no choice but to amend the concept of detachment and compromise with the political parties.Likewise,the political parties were aware that although they were able to cut the budget,they could not fulfil their purposes of building up public strength and forming aparty cabinet.The relationship between the two sides evolved from rivalry to compromise,and this not only laid a foundation for their cooperation after the First Sino-Japanese War,but also promoted the historical transformation of the feudatory leaders,who later formed political parties.Thus,the evolution served as an important prerequisite for the birth of the party politics in Japan before the Second World War.