从历史研究到理论创造——论冯契对后期墨家“三物”论说的创造性诠释

From Historical Study to Theoretical Creation:On Feng Qi’s Creative Interpretation of the Later Mohist Doctrine of San Wu

相异于主流解释把后期墨家“三物”论说理解为对推理形式的刻画或对逻辑规律、原则的揭示,冯契立足于对逻辑范畴问题的长期思考,将其本质勘定为提出了“类”“故”“理”三个范畴是逻辑思维所必具的学说,并从“类”“故”“理”三个方面来重构和诠释后期墨家逻辑思想。冯契对“三物”论说的创造性诠释为建构逻辑范畴体系提供了一个极具民族特色的基本架构,而以“类”“故”“理”为骨架的范畴体系正是冯契“智慧说”哲学体系的重要理论创获之一。对“三物”论说的诠释与逻辑范畴体系的建构之间这种高度融合、相互生成,充分体现了冯契的哲学史研究与哲学理论创作之间存在着一种由此及彼、相互联系与相互转化的内在关系。

Unlike those researchers who view dominantly the later Mohist“Doctrine of San Wu”as the characterization of inferential form or the illumination of logical law,Feng Qi,basing on his long-term study of logical category,not only argues that the later Mohists sees San Wu,namely lei,gu and li,as the categories of class,cause and principle that are indispensable for logical thinking,but also elucidates the logic of the Mohist Canon through a discussion of each of the three categories.Feng Qi’s creative interpretation on the later Mohist“Doctrine of San Wu”finally leads to a system of logical categories with strong Chinese characteristics.As an important theoretical achievement of his“Doctrine of Wisdom”,the system arranges the categories in accordance with the order from“lei”(categories under“class”,i.e.,categories employed in the stage of“knowing the hows”)through“gu”(categories under“cause/reason”,i.e.,categories employed in the stage of“seeking the whys”)to“li”(categories under“reason/principle”,i.e.,categories employed in the stage of“understanding necessary laws and prescriptive norms”).The mutual generation between the creative interpretation on the later Mohist“Doctrine of San Wu”and the construction of system of logical categories demonstrates fully the organic integration of his studying the history of philosophy and creating philosophical theory.