微藻酶的潜在生物技术应用

Potential biotechnological application of microalgal enzymes

酶是工业过程中最有效的催化剂。由于商业上对新型和更高效酶的需求不断增长,许多研究着重开发可再生和环境可持续的原材料来生产酶类。目前,细菌或真菌来源的酶(如纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶)在全球酶市场占据主导地位。微藻作为生境多样(有时甚至是极端环境)的多系群生物,具有与碳、氮和磷生物地球化学循环相关的代谢途径,这些特性及其代谢适应性使其成为生产新型酶的理想原材料,部分微藻源酶已经应用于食品、轻化工、生物能源、生物监测和生物修复等。为此,本文总结了微藻与碳、氮、磷代谢有关的多个酶促复合物:碳酸酐酶、淀粉分解酶、半乳糖水解酶、酰基转移酶、脂肪酶、脂氧合酶、固氮酶、蛋白酶、腈水解酶、磷酸酶、植酸酶和硫解酶,同时还介绍了一些特殊的微藻源酶类,包括光酶、氢化酶、萜类物质合成相关酶,以期加强对微藻源酶的认识,为探索利用微藻大规模工业化生产酶类提供参考,从而加快对微藻源酶的开发利用。

Enzymes are effective catalysts in industrial processes.Due to the growing commercial demand for new and more efficient enzymes,more and more researchers are focusing on the development of renewable and environmentally sustainable raw materials for enzymatic production.Bacterial or fungal enzymes(e.g.,cellulases,amylases,proteases)currently dominate the global enzyme market.Microalgae are a group of polyphyletic organisms that can be found in various habitats(sometimes even in extreme environment).They possess metabolic pathways related to the biogeochemical cycle of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus.These features and their metabolic adaptation make them to be the ideal raw material for the production of new enzyme.Some microalgae-derived enzymes have been used in food,chemical,bio-energy,bio-monitoring and bioremediation.In this review,the multiple enzymatic complexes related to metabolism of carbon,nitrogen,phosphorus in microalgae,such as carbonic anhydrase,starch decomposition enzyme,galactose hydrolase,acyltransferase,lipase,lipoxygenase,nitrogenase,protease,nitrile hydrolase,phosphatase,phytase and thiolase are summarized.At the same time,some special microalgal enzymes,such as photoenzymes,hydrogenases,and enzymes related to terpenoid biosynthesis,are also introduced.The aim is to improve the understanding of microalgal enzymes,and provide a reference for the exploration of large-scale industrial production of enzymes by microalgae,so as to speed up the development and utilization of microalgal enzymes.