中国共产党人权主体观的观念史变迁:1921-2021

The Communist Party of China’s Changing View s on the Human Rights Subject:From 1921 to 2021

"尊重和保障人权"既是中国共产党开展人权运动和人权建设的"党治史",也是党自身制度体系和执政能力不断完善提升的"治党史"。在革命、建设和改革的百年历程中,中国共产党对"尊重和保障人权"的理念认知逐步成熟并将其上升为治国理政的重要原则。其中,对作为人权主体的"人"的观念认知和变化贯穿于当领导人民治国理政的全过程和各环节。中国共产党对人权主体的认知经历了从探索到定型的过程,这一认知在较长一段时期不是直接以"人权"或"人权主体"的字眼或概念展开,而是以"人民""敌人""公民""国民"等概念进行主体分类所衍生,表现出人权主体观构成形态上的个体与集体相统一、演化形态上的变量与常量相结合、运作技术上的政治化与社会化相协同三个显著特征。

"Respecting and protecting human rights" is not only a history of Party governance in carrying out the Communist Party of China(CPC)’s human rights campaign and construction, but also a history of Party governance in constantly improving its own institutional system and governance capacity.Over the one century’s course of revolution, construction and reform, the CPC has deepened its understanding of the concept of "respecting and protecting human rights" and elevated it to an important principle of governing the country.The cognition of the concept of "human" as the subject of human rights and its changes run through the whole process of governance and administration of state affairs under the leadership of the Party.The CPC’s cognition of the subject of human rights has gone through a process from exploration to finalization.For a long period of time, this cognition was not developed directly around the words "human rights" or "subject of human rights",but was derived from the subject categorization of a series of concepts including "people","enemy","citizens",and "nation",demonstrating three prominent characteristics in the views on the human rights subject, including formative unity between individuals and the collective, evolutionary combination of variants and constants, and operational synergy between politicization and socialization.