作为独特权利的人权——拉兹的政治性人权概念分析

Human Rights as Unique Rights:An Analysis of Raz’s Political Concept of Human Rights

国际人权实践催生了政治性人权观在当代的发展,引发了到底"什么是人权"的理论反思。与自然权利观从人性出发,把人权理解为每个人针对所有其他人而拥有的普遍道德权利不同,作为政治性人权观的代表,拉兹从人权在国际实践中限制国家主权的政治功能出发,把人权理解为第二次世界大战结束以来每个人针对国家享有的,应当由公正、可信赖的国际机构强制实施的法律权利。拉兹的人权概念不可避免地遭受了以自然权利论者为代表的质疑与批评。围绕拉兹的人权概念所产生的争议可以看到,一方面,西方学界并没有对基于国际人权实践的人权理解达成基本共识;另一方面,这实际上也深切地表明在国际法秩序变迁的历史语境下,国际社会就国际人权实践如何达成基本共识的理论需要。

The practice of international human rights has led to the development of the political notion of human rights in contemporary times and triggered the theoretical reflection on"what is human rights". The natural rights view, which is based on human nature, regards human rights as the universal moral rights owned by each individual against all others.Holding a different perspective from the natural rights view, Raz, the representative of the political notion of human rights, bases his view on the political function of human rights in restricting national sovereignty in international practice, and defines human rights as the legal rights enjoyed by each individual against the country since the end of the World War II,which should be enforced by fair and reliable international institutions.Unavoidably, Raz’s concept of human rights has been subject to questioning and criticisms by the natural right theorists.The controversy around Raz’s concept of human rights shows that: on one hand, the Western academic circle has not reached a basic consensus on the understanding of human rights based on international human rights practice;on the other hand, it deeply reveals the theoretical need for the international community to reach a basic consensus on international human rights practice in the historical context of the changing international legal order.