如何建构一种以谦让与宽容为内涵的政治秩序——论老子的政治思想

How to Construct a Political Order with the Spirit of Humility and Tolerance:On Laozi’s Political Thought

老子建构了一个由"道"主导的宇宙秩序与由"侯王"主导的理想的人类秩序。宇宙秩序是一个大系统,人类秩序是一个小系统。小系统唯有模仿大系统,才会具有正当性。整个宇宙就在"存在"意义上形成了一个由道、天、地、万物(包括人)在内的"原初的存在共同体"。"道"当仁不让地成为万物之主宰,且"无为""柔弱""不争",根本前提在于支配-服从秩序已经确立。百姓蕴含着一种摧枯拉朽的终极力量,明智的统治者应该以一种谦让与宽容的态度来对待百姓,由此方能实现和谐稳定的政治秩序。老子建构的以"侯王"为枢纽、以谦让与宽容为内涵的政治秩序,较为适合稳固地处于支配位置且手握强大权力的统治者。老子的政治智慧具有重要的参考价值。

Laozi constructed an order of the universe dominated by " Dao" and an ideal order of human societydominated by "aristocrats and the king(hou wang)". The order of the universe is a large system, and theorder of human society is a small system;only when the small system imitates the large system can it bejustified. The whole universe forms an "original community of being" which consists of Dao, heaven, earthand all things( including human beings), wherein the order of domination and obedience has beenestablished. A wise ruler should treat the common people with a humble and tolerant attitude, so as to achieve a harmonious and stable political order. The political order constructed by Laozi, with "aristocrats and theking" as its core and humility and tolerance as its spirit, is more suitable for rulers who are firmly in thedominant position and hold strong power.