摘要
Single-photon avalanche diode(SPAD)arrays are solid-state detectors that offer imaging capabilities at the level of individual photons,with unparalleled photon counting and time-resolved performance.This fascinating technology has progressed at a very fast pace in the past 15 years,since its inception in standard CMOS technology in 2003.A host of architectures have been investigated,ranging from simpler implementations,based solely on off-chip data processing,to progressively“smarter”sensors including on-chip,or even pixel level,time-stamping and processing capabilities.As the technology has matured,a range of biophotonics applications have been explored,including(endoscopic)FLIM,(multibeam multiphoton)FLIM-FRET,SPIM-FCS,super-resolution microscopy,time-resolved Raman spectroscopy,NIROT and PET.We will review some representative sensors and their corresponding applications,including the most relevant challenges faced by chip designers and end-users.Finally,we will provide an outlook on the future of this fascinating technology.
基金
supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant 166289.The authors would like to thank Scott Lindner and Arin Can Ulku(EPFL AQUA)for their kind assistance.
