人力资本、种植结构与粮食安全——基于全国31个省(区、市)3073个家庭农场的调查数据

Human Capital, Planting Structure and Food Security——Based on the Survey Data of 3073 Family Farms in 31 Provinces in China

随着土地流转的推进,人力资本成为推动农业集约化和农场化的重要动力。基于农业部全国31个省(区、市)3073个家庭农场调查数据的实证研究发现,中国的新型农业经营主体受教育年限越高越倾向于降低粮食种植比例——非粮化,小型家庭农场最明显;而接受种粮培训则相反——趋粮化,但能有效保障粮食安全;IV估计和稳健性检验都支持这一结论。进一步研究还发现,受教育年限较高的家庭农场倾向于注册商标,加速了非粮化,降低了粮食安全,但显著提高了收入;能力和风险是农业人力资本分野的机制,能力较高和风险偏好较强的农场主倾向非粮化。政府应通过农业技术培训和土地流转推动趋粮化,以规模保收入,保障粮食安全;培育非粮作物品牌,提高农业人力资本的教育回报率,兴教育增收入,缩小城乡差距,助力乡村振兴。

With the advancement of land circulation,human capital has become an important driving force to promote agricultural intensification and farmization.Based on the monitoring data of 3073 family farms in the planting industry of the Ministry of Agriculture,it is found that the higher the education years of China’s new agricultural operators are,the more inclined they are to reduce the proportion of grain planting-degrainization,which is most obvious in small family farms;on the contrary,receiving professional training is more grain oriented,but it can effectively guarantee food security.Both the IV estimate and the robustness test support this conclusion.Further research also found that family farms with higher years of education tend to register trademarks,which accelerates degrination and reduces food security,but significantly increases income.Capacity and risk are the differentiation mechanism of agricultural human capital.Farmers with higher capacity and higher risk preference tend to be non-grain farmers.The government should promote grain orientation through agricultural technical training and land transfer,ensure food security,and ensure income by scale.Encourage the cultivation of non-food crop brands,improve the educational return rate of agricultural human capital,promote education and increase income,narrow the gap between urban and rural areas,and boost rural revitalization.