论动物致害责任中的动态危险性——《民法典》第1245条与第1247条的联动解释

On the Dynamic Dangerousness in the Liability for Damage Caused by Animals——Joint Interpretation of Article 1245 and 1247 of the Civil Code

原《侵权责任法》第78、80条以"动物危险性"为规制核心,但对此核心要件的论述却寥寥无几,导致以"高空坠狗案"为代表的特殊案件能否适用产生了较大的争议。《民法典》第1245、1247条相比原条文也未有任何改动。对立法时所参考的美国法上的动物致害责任规范予以剖析并比较,有助于我们取长补短。美国法通过"野生动物"和"家养动物"的分类,辅以"异常危险动物"条款,形成了实质上的"三阶层区分法",在"动物危险性是什么"和"动物危险性大小的判断"两个问题上给出了明确的答案。立法者刻意在我国《民法典》第1247条留下了解释空间以期个案衡平,故在个案中应当以修正的"动物意志支配说"作为判断"动物危险性"的核心标准(定性),并以该致害动物本身的特殊属性和侵权人的知情程度、被侵权人的行为等作为判断危险性大小的综合因素(定量),适当借鉴"异常危险动物"规则,对《民法典》第1245条与第1247条进行联动解释。

Articles 78 and 80 of the original Tort Liability Law focuse on animal hazard,but there are very few discussions on this core element,which leads to great controversy on whether it is worked on special cases represented by the"dog falling from high altitude".Compared with the original articles,Articles 1245 and 1247 of the Civil Code have not made any changes.It is helpful for us to analyze and compare the norms of animal injury liability in the American law which China has learned from when legislating.The American law adopted the classification of"wild animals"and"domestic animals",supplemented by the clause of"extremely dangerous animals"thus formed a substantial"three-level subject distinction law",and further gave clear answers to the two questions,e.g."what is animal hazard"and"the magnitude of the animal hazard".The legislators deliberately leave room for interpretation in Article 1247 of the China’s Civil Code in order to balance individual cases.Therefore,the revised"Animal Will Domination Theory"should be used as the core standard(qualitative)for judging animal hazard in individual cases.And it is necessary to take the special attributes of the harmful animal itself,the knowledge level of the infringer,and the behavior of the infringed as a comprehensive factor(quantitative)for judging the degree of danger,and make appropriate reference to the"extremely dangerous animal"clause and jointly interpret the article 1245 and Article 1247 of the Civil Code.