外出务工何以提升企业家精神——基于全国返乡创业者的调查数据

How to Improve the Entrepreneurship of Returning Entrepreneurs——Based on the Survey Data of Returned Entrepreneurs in China

返乡创业者的企业家精神决定着返乡创业企业能否实现高质量发展。基于2019年全国2139家返乡创业企业的调查数据,运用有序Logit模型实证分析了外出务工经历对返乡创业者企业家精神的影响。研究发现,外出务工职务和创业培训对返乡创业者的企业家精神有显著正向影响,外出务工职务、创业培训和一线城市务工经历对返乡创业者的创新精神和学习能力有显著正向影响,但只有创业培训能够显著提升返乡创业者的冒险精神。异质性分析发现,一线城市务工经历对发展型创业的返乡创业者企业家精神有正向影响,却对生存型创业的返乡创业者企业家精神有负向影响。值得关注的是,对于发展型创业的返乡创业者,外出务工年限与企业家精神之间存在倒“U”型关系,即随着外出务工年限的增加,返乡创业者的企业家精神先增强,达到峰值后又逐渐减弱。此外,无论返乡创业者曾在哪一产业务工,外出务工职务都对其企业家精神产生显著正向影响,但创业培训仅对曾在第一、二产业和中低端第三产业务工的返乡创业者的企业家精神有明显促进作用。机制分析发现,社会资本是外出务工经历促进返乡创业者企业家精神培育的作用机制。因此建议地方政府加大激励力度,鼓励有创业意愿的劳动者返乡创业,加强创业者的职业培训和创业培训,进一步提升他们的企业家精神。

The entrepreneurship of returning entrepreneurs determines whether the returning entrepreneurs can achieve high-quality development.Based on the survey data of 2139 returned entrepreneurs in China in 2019,this paper empirically analyzes the impact of migrant work experience on the entrepreneurship of returned entrepreneurs by using the ordered Logit model.The results show that migrant working position and entrepreneurship training have a positive impact on the entrepreneurship of returning entrepreneurs.Migrant working position,entrepreneurship training and experience in first-tier cities have a significant positive impact on the innovation spirit and learning ability of returning entrepreneurs.However,only entrepreneurship training can significantly improve the risk-taking spirit of returning entrepreneurs.Heterogeneity analysis found that the work experience in first-tier cities has a positive impact on the entrepreneurial spirit of the returning entrepreneurs of the development type entrepreneurial enterprises,but has a negative impact on the entrepreneurial spirit of the returning entrepreneurs of the survival type entrepreneurial enterprises.It is worth noting that there is an inverted“U”relationship between the number of years of working abroad and entrepreneurship for the returning entrepreneurs of development-oriented start-ups,which indicates that with the increase of the number of years of working abroad,the entrepreneurship of returning entrepreneurs first strengthens,reaches the peak and then gradually weakens.In addition,no matter which industry or business the returned entrepreneurs have worked in,their entrepreneurship will be positively affected by the work position of migrant workers.However,entrepreneurship training can only significantly promote the entrepreneurship of the returned entrepreneurs who have worked in the primary and secondary industries and the middle and low-end tertiary industries.Mechanism analysis found that social capital is the mechanism of migrant workers’experience to promote entrepreneurship cultivation of returning entrepreneurs.Therefore,it is suggested that the local government should further improve the business environment,attract talents of the right age to return home to start businesses,strengthen the vocational training and entrepreneurship training of entrepreneurs,and further enhance their entrepreneurship.