面向绿色发展的城市设计

Urban Design for Green Development

古代很多城市的形态都呈现出规则的设计特征,中国的西周洛邑、隋唐长安城、南宋临安、明清北京城,西方的古希腊米利都城、古罗马提姆加德城……而早期城市的理论模型也呈现出规整的风貌:中国以《周礼·考工记》中“方九里,旁三门,九经九纬,左祖右社,前朝后寝”的型制为代表,西方维特鲁威的《建筑十书》则是在古希腊早期设想的基础上提出理想城市模型--八角形平面和放射环形路网,对文艺复兴后期的城市形态产生了一定影响。在这些规则的城市外围,往往都是自然的山野、丛林、农田和溪流,城市与周围的自然系统之间呈现出清晰的秩序和相互融合的关系。

Many ancient cities,such as Luoyi(today’s Luoyang City)in the Western Zhou Dynasty,Chang’an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties,Lin’an in the Southern Song Dynasty,Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Miletus in ancient Greece and Timgad in ancient Rome,presented regular design features.The theoretical model of early cities also showed a regular style.For example,in China,as stated in the book of Zhou Li·Kaogongji,most imperial cities have been built with a“square of nine Li(a Chinese unit of length),three gates on each side,nine north-south roads and nine east-west roads in the cities.On the left of the palace city was the ancestral temple,on the right was the state altar,in the front was the court hall,and at the behind was the chamber”.In the West,the Ten Books on Architecture(de architectura libri decem)by Vitruvius put forward an ideal city model based on the early ideas of ancient Greece,characterized by an octagonal plane and radial ring road network,which,to some extent,influenced the form of cities in the late Renaissance period.Outside these regular cities often lie natural mountains,jungles,farmland and streams.The cities and the surrounding natural systems presented a clear order and integrated relationship.