血缘共同体规定下的传统手工业村落适应性变迁--山西省新绛县西庄石匠村个案研究

ADAPTIVE CHANGES OF TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFT VILLAGES UNDER THE RULE OF CONSANGUINITY COMMUNITY:A CASE STUDY OF XIZHUANG VILLAGE IN XINJIANG COUNTY,SHANXI PROVINCE

传统手工业村落作为农耕时代乡土工业的重要见证,在当代非物质文化遗产保护的语境中重新引起关注;其传统文化底蕴和现代经济效应的双重特征,使得这类村落成为乡村振兴背景下活态传承与发展的重要载体。本文以山西省新绛县西庄石匠村为例,从“社会-空间”的视角,揭示了从农耕社会到工业社会变迁的过程中,传统手工业村落的演化特征:农耕时代,在宗族结构的血缘关系主导下,传统手工业村落的亲缘关系、生产组织、宗教信仰紧密联结,形成“居住、生产、精神”三位一体的“社会-空间”形态,工业时代,手工业经济发展引发聚落“社会-空间”形态转变,社会结构由以宗族支配内缩为核心家庭主导,生产空间开始从村落剥离,居住空间由聚族而居分割为单家独院,精神场所转化为公共空间。但是,由于手工艺以血缘关系为基础的代际传承方式,血缘共同体始终作为技艺续存的主要载体,成为维系村庄“社会-空间”形态的稳定根基。因此,传统手工业村落在社会经济转型背景下的适应性变迁,延续了社会、经济、空间的相互关联,呈现出特有的生命力和相对稳定性。

In the context of intangible cultural heritage protection,the traditional handicraft village which has witnessed rural industrial development in the agrarian age has drawn attention again.With both rich culture and economic benefits,these villages become an important carrier of living heritage under the background of rural vitalization.Taking Xizhuang Village in Xinjiang County,Shanxi Province as an example,this paper reveals the evolution characteristics of traditional handicraft villages in the process of transformation from agricultural society to industrial society from a social-space perspective.Specifically,in the agricultural society,traditional handicraft villages had a closely linked kinship,production organization,and religious belief under the guidance of the blood relationship of clan structure,forming an integrated social-space form of residence,production,and spiritual space.However,in the industrial society,the development of handicraft economy drives the transformation of the social-space form:the social structure is changed from clan-dominated to nuclear family-dominated;the production space begin to be separated from the village;the residential space is divided into detached houses instead of the previous clan compound;and the spiritual space is transformed into public space.Because of the blood relationship-based intergenerational inheritance mode of handicrafts,the consanguinity community has always been the main carrier of handicrafts development,and has become the stable foundation for maintaining the social-space form of the village.Accordingly,the adaptive changes of traditional handicraft villages facilitate them to maintain the interconnection of society,economy,and space in the context of social and economic transformation,presenting unique vitality amid relative stability.