审美共通感的现代境遇及其历史哲学审视

A historical and philosophical reflection on Aesthetic common sense

康德的审美共通感理论连接了主体内和主体间两个层面。在主体内层面,它涉及知性和想象力之间的和谐统一;在主体间层面,共通感表现为保证鉴赏判断的必然性和普遍性的规范性原则。这种经由主体内的诸认知能力一致达至主体间的协和一致的理念,包含的置身于每个他人的位置的公共意蕴,在20世纪的哲学理论中为被延伸至政治领域,为现代化情境下化解个体与共同体的分裂提供了新的思考。但审美共通感的反思最终指向的是先验性,它的普遍立场是抽象的,无法在经验领域为解决个体与共同体的关系问题提供有效帮助。只有将现代化境遇下的共通感问题置于具体的历史场域,才能找到化解个体与共同体矛盾的现实根源与实践路径。

Kant’s notion of“common sense”connects intersubjectivity and intrasubjectivity.The former involves the unity of rationality and imagination while the latter insists on the universalizability of human feeling and the unanimity achievable in judgments of taste.This notion extended to political realm in the 20th century,which sheds light on the division between individual and community in modern contexts.However,the abstractness of the universality of common sense prevents it from providing any effective solution for this division.Only in specific historical contexts can we find workable solutions.