偕二硝基含能盐的合成研究进展

Progress in the Synthesis of Gem⁃dinitro Energetic Compounds

偕二硝基基团有高密度和高氧含量的特点,是设计合成新型高能量密度含能化合物的重要结构单元之一。在氮杂环骨架中引入具有平面结构的偕二硝基阴离子利于形成共轭结构,从而有效提高含能化合物的密度、氧平衡以及爆轰性能。本文通过系统总结对含肟类或活泼亚甲基前体进行硝化制备偕二硝含能盐的合成方法,发现采用N2O4或N2O5硝化方法普适性好,但存在产率较低,硝化中间体难以分离等不足,而混酸硝化方法通常具有较高的产率且反应条件温和,但构建含活泼亚甲基前体需要采用新的策略。同时对部分性能优良的偕二硝基含能盐的含能特性进行了讨论,希望本综述能为新型偕二硝基类高能钝感含能材料的设计与合成提供借鉴和参考。

Gem‐dinitro group is an attracting moiety in designing novel high energy density compounds due to their high density and oxygen content comparing to the nitro group.The planar structure of gem‐dinitro group is beneficial to improve the density,oxygen balance and detonation properties when cooperating with nitrogen‐rich heterocycles.In this review,the method of preparing gem‐dinitro salts from different precursors was listed,the advantages of using N_(2)O_(4) or N_(2)O_(5) or mixed acid as the nitration agent to prepare gem‐dinitro compounds and their scopes of application were summarized,their energetic characteristics were discussed.It is hoped that this review could provide reference for the design and synthesis of new high‐energy insensitive energetic materials.