清华简与《尚书》文体的再认识--兼论晚书辨伪

On the Genre of Qinghua Bamboo Slips and ShangShu--Also on the Discrimination of WanShu

《尚书》文本在形成与早期流传过程中虽然尚无自觉的文体意识,但它们在事实上启导了早期的文体分类观念。《尚书》中的训、诰、誓、命,最初为仪式或行为,后向文体名转变。《尚书》的篇题构成与文体分类,也要在此背景下理解。清华简《尹诰》对应亡佚的《咸有壹德》,其篇题当拟作"尹告",得自文中"挚告汤曰"一语。清华简《傅说之命》对应亡佚的《说命》,其中册命的内容合乎"命"之篇题。通过清华简的新材料,我们得以真正理解《尹告》《傅说之命》等篇题的由来,并可进一步证伪晚书。

Although there was no conscious genre sense in the formation and early spread of the texts of ShangShu,they actually enlightened the early concept of genre classification.In ShangShu,xun(coun-sel),gao(order),shi(oath of alliance)and ming(enfeoffment and reward)were originally rituals or behaviors,and then changed to the names of genre.The composition of the title and the classification of genres in ShangShu should also be understood in this context.The title of"Yingao"in Qinghua bamboo slip manuscripts,which is the lost"Xianyou Yide",is derived from the sentence"Zhi Gao Tang Yue".The"Fu Yue Zhi Ming"in Qinghua bamboo slip manuscripts is the lost"Yue Ming",which the ritual of enfeoffment and reward in the text accords with the title of"Ming",The symbol of Ming is the ritual of enfeoffment and reward in the text.Through the new materials of Qinghua bamboo slip manuscripts,we can deeply understand the meaning of the titles such as"Yingao"and"Fu Yue Zhi Ming",and further falsify the WanShu.