《左传》“圣人有明德者”本有“之后”二字考辩——兼论《左传》《史记》《孔子家语》所载“南宫敬叔学礼”之得失

An Examination of the Position of"zhi hou"in"sheng ren you ming de zhe"in Zuo Zhuan and the Records of"Nangong Jingshu Learning Rites from Confucius"in Zuo Zhuan,Shi Ji,and Kong Zi Jia Yu

《左传》:“圣人有明德者,若不当世,其后必有达人。”“圣人”下原有“之后”二字,今本“之后”被误置于“必有达人”前,因“之”“其”同义,进而演变成“其后”。此句出现讹乱,大约在南朝裴骃为《史记》作集解后,唐孔颖达为《左传》作疏前。王引之诸儒怀疑杜预注,强辩“圣人”指弗父何、正考父,失之未考。将《左传》《史记》《孔子家语》作比发现,《孔子家语》所载“南宫敬叔学礼”事更近史实,《左传》记载稍显简略且有错讹,《史记》对以上二书皆有参考。

In the sentence of"sheng ren you ming de zhe,ruo bu dang shi,qi hou bi you da ren"in Zuo Zhuan,the word of"zhi hou"is originally after the word of"sheng ren".In today s version,the word was mistakenly put before"bi you da ren"and changed into the word"qi hou",because the character"zhi"in the word"zhi hou"is synonymous with the character"qi"in the word"qi hou".This confusion was started around the time when Pei Yin,a scholar of the Southern Dynasty,made notes to Shi Ji,and before Kong Yingda,a scholar of the Tang Dynasty,made notes to Zuo Zhuan.Wang Yinzhi,a scholar of Qing Dynasty,who doubted the annotation of Du Yu,a scholar of Wei and Jin Dynasties,argued that"sheng ren(meaning the saint)"referred to Fu Fuhe and Zheng Kaofu,which seems to be controversial.Comparing Zuo Zhuan,Shi Ji and Kong Zi Jia Yu,it is found that the record of"Nangong Jingshu learning rites from Confucius"in Kong Zi Jia Yu is closer to the historical facts.The record in Zuo Zhuan is slightly simple and wrong.Shi Ji has referred to both of the above two books.