民国时期大学教师的学术评价问题——以学术评价机构与学术评价方法为中心

Academic Evaluation of University Teachers in the Republic of China:Centering on Academic Evaluation Institutions and Academic Evaluation Methods

民国时期,针对大学教师的学术评价机构主要有大学的学术评价机构、政府的学术评价机构、民间的学术评价机构。大学的评议会、教授会等发挥着学术评价方面的领导作用。北洋政府计划设立学术评定委员会和学术审定会,但并没有具体实施;国民政府教育部成立的学术审议委员会成为全国最高的学术审议机关。民间的学术评价机构以中国科学社为代表,设立科学奖励基金,成立了评选组织。民国时期针对大学教师的学术评价方法主要是同行评议,该方法在专家的遴选标准和遴选方法、研究成果的评价标准和评价流程上不断完善,但也存在一些问题。民国时期大学教师的学术评价可以在建立第三方评价组织、重视学术作品的原创性、注意评价结果的反馈、加强同行评议的管控等方面为当今提供启示。

During the period of the Republic of China,academic evaluation institutions for university teachers were mainly divided into three categories:academic evaluation institutions of universities,academic evaluation institutions of the government and academic evaluation institutions of the people.University evaluation committees and professors associations played a leading role in academic evaluation.Beiyang Government had a plan of setting up an Academic Assessment Committee and an Academic Approval Committee,but it had not been implemented.The Academic Review Committee established by the Nanjing National Government had become the highest academic review organ in the country.The non-governmental academic evaluation organizations,represented by the Chinese Science Society,set up a science award fund and an evaluation organization.The academic evaluation methods of university teachers were mainly peer reviews.The criteria and methods of electing experts,the criteria for evaluating research results and the specific evaluation process were constantly improved,but there were also many problems.These can provide many enlightenments in establishing third-party evaluation organizations,attaching importance to the originality of academic works,strengthening the control of peer review,and paying attention to feedback of evaluation results.