自治与合作:清至民国黔东南木业金融制度的内生与外塑

Autonomy and Cooperation:Endogenous and Outer Formation of the Wood Financial System in Southeast Guizhou from the Qing Dynasty to the Early Republic of China

清至民国时期,黔东南木业金融基本是“土俗自治”的,木材运销至内外三江的过程中,“准会社银行”由民间信仰组织演化而来,“准富户银行”因乡里地权市场、互助合作而生,“准木行银行”基于商业习惯而生,三足鼎立,较好地满足了山客运销木材的资金融通的需要。南京国民政府控制黔省政治后,黔东南筹办地方自治,强制征收“准会社银行”资产,以作办学校这个自治要务的经费。实施民法,在商事交易中贯彻个人自治,取缔木行的习惯垄断,试图实现“法理自治”。以合作运动而强制购买社股,以农村信用合作、合作金库,重构和控制乡村金融,反而让山客、林农的资金融通“瓶颈”更加滞塞。

From Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China,the timber industry finance in Southeast Guizhou was basically confined to local areas.In the process of timber transportation to Sanjiang,“Zhun Shehui Bank”evolved from folk organization,“Zhun Fuhu Bank”was born from the local market and mutual cooperation and the“Zhun Muhang Bank”was born on the basis of commercial habits.These three banks relatively meet the needs of financing for transporting and selling timber by people who lived in the mountain areas.After the Nanjing government controlled the politics of Guizhou Province,Southeast Guizhou prepared for local autonomy and imposed the assets of“Zhun Shehui Bank”to be used as the fund for running the school as an important task of self-government.The civil law and individual autonomy in commercial transactions were implemented and the customary monopoly of wooden business was banned,all these measures were undertaken to achieving“autonomy of legal principles”.The government forced people in the Qing Dynasty to purchase social shares through cooperative movement,opposed class struggle of Communist Party and reconstructed and controlled of rural finance by means of rural credit cooperation and cooperative treasury,all these actions made financing of mountain dwellers and farmers more stagnant.