生计和生态视角下搬迁牧户保有牲畜的行为研究——以青海省玉树州搬迁牧户为例

Livestock Keeping of Migrant Households from Perspective of Livelihood and Ecology:A Case Study in Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture,Qinghai Province

为理解牧区城镇化背景下搬迁牧户保有牲畜的行为逻辑及其生态影响,以青海省玉树州3个村庄的搬迁牧户为例,通过问卷调查和访谈获取数据,分析牧民在迁出地保有牲畜的具体形式、原因和数量变化及牧民的生态感知,并根据斯科特关于道义小农的“安全第一”原则选择变量,定量探究牧民保留牲畜行为和数量的影响因素。结果表明,搬迁牧户通过家庭分工、亲友代养和雇工放牧等多种形式保有牲畜,作为融入城镇生活的适应性策略。牧户保有牲畜主要出于“安全第一”的需求,经济收入较高的牧户兼具“理性小农”的特点。家庭人口规模大及非生计原因搬迁的牧户更倾向于保有牲畜。收入较高的牧户保有牲畜的概率更高且数量更多,城镇就业人数较多的家庭保有牲畜的概率更低。牧户保有牲畜的适应策略受到社会关系和经济成本等因素的制约,可能难以维持。搬迁牧户保有牲畜的行为并未直接增加迁出地的放牧压力,但鼓励牧民通过搬迁实现减畜目标的政策执行过程中需要关注搬迁牧户保有牲畜的形式、返迁的可能性、行为动机的转变和留居户的牲畜数量变化。

To understand the behavioral logic and ecological impacts of livestock keeping of migrant households under the background of urbanization in pastoral areas,three villages of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture Qinghai Province were selected as the case study sites,and the data were obtained through questionnaires and interviews.The forms and reasons of livestock keeping were presented,the change of livestock population and herd’s perception were evaluated,and influencing factors of livestock keeping were further explored based on the Scott’s safety-first principle of moral peasant.The results show that migrant households kept livestock as an adaptation strategy to urbanization through division of labor,entrusting to kins or employing herders.Households kept livestock mainly for safety need and households with higher income also showed the characteristics of rational peasant.Household with larger family size and non-living causes to migrate were more inclined to keep livestock.Household with higher income had higher probability of keeping livestock and more livestock,while households with more members employed had a lower probability of keeping livestock.This adaptation strategy was restricted by factors such as social relations and economic cost and seems difficult to sustain.Though livestock keeping of migrant households did not increase grazing pressure,the attentions should be paid to the specific form of livestock keeping,the possibility of migrant herders to move back,the change of behavioral logic and the animal husbandry of non-migrant households to achieve the goal of reducing livestock through encouraging herders to migrate to the urban.