体育运动场域下的安全保障义务——兼评《中华人民共和国民法典》第1198条

Duty of Safety Protection in Sports Field:Comment on Article 1198 of Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1198条增列了体育场馆的安全保障义务,但其具体判断标准仍不明确,且与自甘风险的关系存疑。确立体育安全保障义务的标准,应以合标准的硬件设施、有序的组织服务和合理救助义务为基础考量要素,以体育类型和项目特点为个性考量要素,注重体育安保义务的个性化。第1176条第2款与第1198条适用关系不明,其一方面存在内在价值体系缺陷,另一方面存在外在文义、逻辑体系缺陷。解释论上应以自甘风险的内在价值体系为进路,参加者风险自担,活动组织者尽到体育安保义务时不应再承担公平责任,活动组织者因一般过失未尽到安全保障义务时应对其减责,活动组织者因故意或重大过失未尽到安全保障义务时不应对其减责。

Article 1198 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China has added the duty of safety protection of stadiums and gymnasiums,but its specific judgment standard is still unclear,and its relationship with assumption of risk is questionable.In order to establish the duty of safety protection,standard hardware facilities,orderly organization and service,and reasonable rescue obligation should be taken as the basic consideration elements.Types of sports and characteristics of the sports events should be taken as the individual consideration elements.Individual duty of safety protection should be taken into consideration.The relationship between Article 1176(2)and Article 1198 is not clear.It has flaws in internal value system,external meaning and logic system.The intrinsic value system of assumption of risk should be taken as the approach.The participants were willing to take risks,and the organizers should no longer bear the fair responsibility when they fulfilled the duty of safety protection.If the organizer failed to fulfill the duty of safety protection due to general negligence,he/she shall be relieved of responsibility.If the organizer failed to fulfill the duty of safety protection due to intentional or gross negligence,he/she shall not be relieved.