东京奥运会新增项目空手道运动生物学特征研究进展

Review of Sport-biological Profile of Karate Newly Added in Tokyo Olympic Games

空手道是东京奥运会新增比赛项目,对空手道运动生物学特征进行研究有助于我国在该项目上科学训练与备战奥运。通过查阅国内外有关空手道运动生物学特征文献,对世界级空手道运动员和比赛特征进行梳理与总结。世界级空手道运动员在身体形态和生理机能指标上均高于低水平运动员,低负荷条件下(≤30%1 RM)肌肉输出功率和收缩速度是决定空手道运动员竞技水平的关键。空手道运动员损伤多集中于面部,多为轻微损伤,严重损伤较少。空手道比赛是一项间歇性运动,有氧代谢和磷酸原系统(phosphagen system,ATP-CP)供能是主要能量来源。空手道比赛80%的交手在2 s内完成,比赛中对峙与间歇时间比为1:1.5,交手与间歇时间比为1:10,不同级别比赛时间结构存在差异性。世界级空手道比赛中运动员的平均心率为175~194次/min,60%~70%的比赛时间心率处于90%最大心率以上,赛后即刻血乳酸水平为7~11 mmol/l,高于模拟比赛,主观疲劳程度为10~14(中等强度水平)。上肢技术是比赛中运用最多的技术,获胜方进攻战术运用频率更高,且获得首分会增加比赛最终获胜概率。

Karate is a new competition in the Tokyo Olympic Games.Research on sport-biological profile of karate will improve scientific training and preparation for the Olympic Games.This article summarizes the biological profile of world-class karate athletes and competitions by reviewing the domestic and foreign literature.World-class karate athletes have greater advantages in morphology and physiology than low-level athletes.Muscle output power and contraction speed under low load(≤30%1 RM)are key for karate athletes sport performance.Injuries of karate athletes mostly appear on face,and most of them are minor injuries.Karate competition is an intermittent sport.Aerobic metabolism and ATP-CP are the main energy sources of the match.80%of the fights are completed in 0~2 seconds.The ratio of effort to rest time is about1:1.5.The HRmeanis about 175~194 bpm.The athletes’HRmeanis above 90%HRmaxin 60%~70%time of world-class karate matches.BLC is immediately about 7.0~11 mmol/l after the match,which is higher than that of simulated competitions.Ratings of perceived exertion(RPE)is about 10~14(moderate intensity level).Upper-limbs techniques are mostly used in match.Offensive behaviors and achieving first score will increase the probability of winning.