唐代府兵“六驮马”“八驮马”“十驮马”释义

The Explanations of Six-load Horse,Eight-load Horse andTen-load Horse in the System of Garrison Militia of the Tang Dynasty

唐朝府兵制有“火(十人)备六驮”的规定,以往学界一直认为“六驮”是指六匹马(驴或骡),传统文献中的“八驮”亦因此而被认为是八匹。吐鲁番出土文书中有“十人买十驮马一匹”之语,使我们能对“六驮”“八驮”的含义重新审读。“六驮”“八驮”“十驮”指马驴骡的负重能力,“六驮马”是指能承载起重量为“六驮”的马,“八驮马”“十驮马”依此类推。“火备六驮”指一火十人共备能负载六驮重量的一匹马或一头驴、骡。《唐六典》“火备六驮之马”含义最为准确,其他传统文献因省“之”字而致后人误解。《武周天册万岁二年(696)第一第二团牒为供马驴食料事》(73TAM508:9),第一团是完整的,共计廿九匹头马驴;一团为六队、三十个火,正可证明确是火(十人)备一匹(头)马驴骡。

According to the system of garrison militia of the Tang Dynasty,a six-load horse was equipped for every group of ten soldiers(huobei liutuo火备六驮).In the past,the academic circles held that liutuo(六驮)referred to six horses,donkeys or mules.In the traditional documents,batuo(八驮)was thus explained as eight horses.In the excavated Turpan documents(吐鲁番文书),there is such a saying that ten people bought a ten-load horse(十人买十驮马一匹),which challenges the previous understanding and helps to reexamine the meanings of liutuo,batuo and shituo(十驮),which are actually in the sense of the load-carrying capacity of a horse,donkey or mule.So huobei liutuo means a horse,donkey or mule which is able to carry the weight of six loads.Recorded in the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty(《唐六典》),the term huobei liutuo zhima(火备六驮之马,a horse which is able to carry the weight of six loads to be equipped for every group of ten soldiers)was an exact expression.But in other traditional documents,the missing of the word zhi(之)brought about misunderstanding for the researchers in later periods.The Official Documents of the First and Second Regiments for the Supply of Horse and Mule Fodder in the 2nd Year(696 A.D.)of the Tiance Wansui Period(天册万岁)Under the Reign of the Empress Wuzhou(武周,武则天)(《武周天册万岁二年(696)第一第二团牒为供马驴食料事》)(73TAM508:9)records that the first regiment has a complete organization with six teams consisting of thirty groups,which are equipped with twenty-nine horses,donkey and mules.This record can verify that a group of ten soldiers was equipped with a horse,donkey or mule.