论六朝时期“遒”作为文艺批评概念的四种意义

The Four Meanings of Qiu as a Concept of Literary and Artistic Criticism in the Six Dynasties

六朝文艺批评中的“遒”,不能一概解释为“劲健”。“遒”概念在文艺批评中的流行,是受到当时士族品评人物的影响。士族以“遒”品评人物,乃其本义“急迫”的引申,但这种引申因为门阀士族的好尚趣味,其重点不在生命力强度的刚健雄劲,而在其精神向度的高蹈远扬。这种用法进入到文学批评,“遒”在“劲健”义之外,又有“卓拔”义,后者应用尤为广泛,因其最能代表魏晋名士风度,故又引申出“美好”之义。三义可单独使用,有时不能兼容,但因其都根于“急迫”之本义,表征艺术家生命力在作品中的流动贯通,故又经常纠缠结合在一起使用。除此之外,由“遒”本有的“终”义又引申出一种特别的用法,即表示作家风格之大成,不与前三义相混。六朝以后名士风流渐次沦歇,“遒”之四义在隋唐虽然还有沿用,但最终只有“劲健”义保留下来,如以此一义反观六朝文艺批评,则扞格难通处自不在少。理清六朝时期“遒”的这四种含义,有助于我们对当时文艺批评中“遒”的真实理论内涵、其实际批评的具体作家作品风格、与“遒”相关的重要理论问题如风骨等,作出更准确的理解与把握。

Not in all contexts,the concept of Qiu(遒)in literary and artistic criticism of the Six Dynasties could be interpreted as“forceful”.The popularity of the concept of Qiu in literary and artistic criticism was influenced by the character evaluation of the notable figures from the nobility families at that time.It was the derivation of its original meaning“urgent”that the nobility families evaluated character by Qiu.But due to the preference and interest of the nobility,the emphasis of this derivation lay not in the forcefulness of the power and intensity of life,but in its transcendence of the spiritual dimension.When this usage was applied to the field of literary and artistic criticism,Qiu not only had the meaning of“forceful”,but also had the meaning of“outstanding”,and the latter was particularly widely used.As it could best represent the elegant demeanor of the celebrities and scholars in the Wei and Jin Dynasties,it also derived the meaning of“beautiful”.Each of the three meanings of Qiu could be used separately,but sometimes they were incompatible.However,they were all rooted in the original meaning of“urgent”,representing the flow of artists'vitality in their works,so they were also often used in tangled combinations.In addition,the original meaning of“ending”in Qiu led to a special usage in literary acriticism,which was the final formation of a writer's style.This special usage of Qiu could not be confused with the other three meanings.After the Six Dynasties,the graceful demeanor of the scholars gradually declined.Although the four meanings of Qiu were still used in the Sui and Tang Dynasties,only the meaning of“forceful”remained in the end.If we only use this one meaning to review the literary and artistic criticism of the Six Dynasties,we will find many contradictions and difficulties in our understanding.Clarifying these four meanings of Qiu used in the Six Dynasties will help us to understand and grasp the true connotation of the conception of Qiu in literary and artistic criticism at that time,the style of specific writers and works in practical criticism,and such important theoretical issues related to Qiu as vigor of style(风骨).