肿瘤来源外泌体在其临床诊断与治疗中的研究进展

Research progress of tumor derived exosomes in clinical diagnosis and treatment

外泌体是一种含有DNA、RNA和蛋白质的细胞外囊泡,参与细胞间的沟通,在肿瘤的生长和转移中发挥重要作用。外泌体存在于多种体液中,血液、尿液、脑脊液等均可分离、提取外泌体。肿瘤细胞来源的外泌体具有肿瘤细胞本身的特性,外泌体参与多种肿瘤发生、发展的多个过程,包括肿瘤细胞间的信息传导、肿瘤细胞的侵袭与转移等,对其开展研究有助于肿瘤的诊断。外泌体还可作为载体将药物运送至靶细胞,具有靶向治疗的潜力。在肿瘤治疗过程中,可利用外泌体的靶向识别特点设计药物,以此提升抗肿瘤药物的生物利用度,减少不良反应的同时增强治疗效果。外泌体的研究与应用具有很高的挑战性,其种类、大小与来源存在巨大异质性,且产生机制亦十分复杂。本文回顾了外泌体的提取和鉴定方法,并对肿瘤来源外泌体的临床应用进行综述。

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles containing DNA,RNA and protein.They participate in intercellular communication and play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis.Exosomes exist in a variety of body fluids.Blood,urine and cerebrospinal fluid can be separated and extracted.Exosomes derived from tumor cells have the characteristics of tumor cells.Studies have shown that exosomes are involved in many processes of tumorigenesis and development,including information transmission between tumor cells,invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.Exosomes can also be used as carriers to deliver drugs to target cells,which has the potential of targeted therapy.In the process of tumor treatment,drugs can be designed based on the targeted recognition characteristics of exosomes,so as to improve the bioavailability of anti-tumor drugs,reduce adverse reactions and enhance the therapeutic effect.The research and application of exosomes are very challenging.There is a huge heterogeneity in the types,sizes and sources of exosomes,and the production mechanism is also very complex.This paper reviews the extraction and identification methods of exosomes,and reviews the clinical application of tumor derived exosomes.