影视解说视频合理使用的困境与出路——由首例“图解电影”案引发的思考

The Dilemma and Outlet of Fair Use of the Film and Television Commentary Video——Implications from the First Case of Graphic Movie

我国首例"图解电影"案中关于合理使用的认定分歧源于对《著作权法》第22条第2项的不同解释。该案一审观点认为在引用的"适当"性和对作品的"介绍、评论或者说明"之间,后者具有决定性功能。而二审法院认为"适当"性和对作品的"介绍、评论或者说明"不存在功能上优劣性。一审法院的"介绍、评论或者说明"功能决定论将引发合理使用规则的失灵。一审裁判观点是开放式合理使用立场的反映,受到美国合理使用制度的影响,却忽视我国合理使用法律文本的本土化含义。应当从影视解说视频的作品属性,影视解说视频与演绎、重混作品关系,以及《著作权法》第22条第2项的适用分析三个面向来应对影视解说视频合理使用实践困境。"图解电影"案的启示在于合理使用的司法认定应注意探求新、旧《著作权法》衔接中的立法意图。在将司法实践中运用比较成熟的合理使用"四要素"方法移植到新《著作权法实施条例》之时,为减少"四要素"方法"转换性使用"规则的负面效应,应限制将合理使用扩大解释为"转换性使用"。

The divergence in the determination of fair use in China's first case of"graphic movie"stems from different interpretations of Article 22,item 2 of the Copyright Law.The opinion of the first instance of the case held that between the"appropriateness"of the citation and the"introduction,comment or explanation"of the work,the latter has a deci⁃sive function.The court of second instance held that the"appropriateness"and the"introduction,comment or explana⁃tion"of the work do not have functional advantages or disadvantages.The functional determinism of"introduction,com⁃ment or explanation"of the court of first instance will cause the failure of the fair use rule.The opinion of the first-in⁃stance judgment is a reflection of the open fair use position,which is influenced by the fair use system of the United States,but ignores the localized meaning of the legal text of fair use in China.It is necessary to deal with the practical dilemma of fair use of the film and television commentary video from three aspects:the attributes of the video,the rela⁃tionship between the video and the derivative works and remixing works,and the application analysis of Article 22,item 2 of the Copyright Law.The implications of the"graphic movie"case is that the judicial determination of fair use should pay attention to exploring the legislative intent in the convergence of the new and old Copyright Laws.When transplanting the"4-factor-analysis"method that is relatively mature in judicial practice to the new Implementation Regulations of the Copyright Law,in order to reduce the negative effects of the"transformative use"rule in the"4-fac⁃tor-analysis"method,fair use should be limited to be interpreted as"transformative use".