唯物史观的《资本论》定向与《资本论》的唯物史观性质

The Orientation of“Das Kapital”of Historical Materialism and the Nature of Historical Materialism of“Das Kapital”

在对《资本论》的解读中所存在的《资本论》与唯物史观的分离与对立,主要表现为实证化经济学解读路径与纯哲学化解读路径的差异。造成这一差异的共同根源则在于如何看待马克思思想发展过程中的黑格尔哲学因素。对《资本论》的实证化经济学解读直接原因在于把唯物史观庸俗化为“经济决定论”,其内在却是源于祛除了黑格尔哲学之于马克思的实质性影响,忽略了作为《资本论》理论前提和根本方法的唯物史观,造成了《资本论》与唯物史观的分离。对《资本论》的哲学化解读路径试图恢复马克思思想中的黑格尔哲学环节,但由于几乎完全抹杀了《资本论》的唯物史观之与黑格尔思辨哲学立场的本质性界限,试图以《逻辑学》为底本诠释《资本论》,从而又把《资本论》与唯物史观对立起来。作为实践哲学范式之具象化展开的唯物史观,是从黑格尔哲学中挣扎出来的理论成就。它的辩证法品格与黑格尔的否定性辩证法有着斩不断的理论承继关系。要本质性地呈现唯物史观的《资本论》定向和《资本论》的唯物史观性质,那么对《资本论》唯物史观高度的理解就不仅既要看到黑格尔哲学作为唯物史观之必然理论环节的承继性,同时又要看到《资本论》在结构体系、分析范畴和分析方法上对黑格尔的超越。

The separation and opposition between“Das Kapital”and historical materialism in the interpretation of“Das Kapital”is mainly manifested in the difference between the interpretation path of empirical economics and the interpretation way of pure philosophy.The common cause of this difference is how to treat the Hegel’s philosophical factors in the development of Marx’s thoughts.The direct reason for the empirical economic interpretation of“Das Kapital”lies in the vulgarization of historical materialism into“economic determinism”,which is internally derived from the elimination of the substantive influence of Hegel’s philosophy on Marx,ignoring the historical materialism as the theoretical premise and fundamental method of“Das Kapital”.This leads to the separation of“Das Kapital”and historical materialism.The philosophical interpretation of“Das Kapital”attempts to restore the Hegel’s philosophy in Marx’s thought,but because it almost completely blurs distinctions between the historical materialism of“Das Kapital”and Hegelian philosophy and tries to interpret the“Das Kapital”based on Logic,thus the“Das Kapital”is opposed to historical materialism.The historical materialism,as the concrete paradigm of practical philosophy,is a theoretical achievement coming from Hegel’s philosophy.And the dialectic of historical materialism has a continuous relationship with Hegel’s negative dialectics on theoretical inheritance.In order to essentially present the orientation of the“Das Kapital”of historical materialism and the nature of historical materialism of the“Das Kapital”,we should not only see the inheritance of Hegel’s philosophy as an inevitable theoretical link of the historical materialism,but also see the transcendence of“Das Kapital”to Hegel in the structural system,analytical category and analytical method.