丞参选任与清末部院用人专门化问题

The Selection of Auxiliary Personnel and Specialization of the Bureaucracy Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty

设立丞参作为清末部院官制改革的重要内容,体现了清末官制改革寻求选官用人专门化的趋向。在此过程中,丞参的选任问题,经历了从起初由各部奏补改为由各部预保,军机处请旨简放,再到都察院、军机处谋求提升影响,最终由皇帝掌握对丞参选任决定权的过程。该问题涉及在官制改革的背景下,皇帝、军机处、都察院与各部之间用人权的重新划分与调适。其变动过程展现了清末官制改革专门化的取向、道路以及遇到的复杂问题,体现了从传统的部院职官选任体系转向近代专门化职官选任体系过程的曲折,并对清季以及民初的其他职官选任产生影响。

The establishment of auxiliary personnel丞参was an important part of the bureaucraticreform in the late Qing Dynasty,and it reflected the trend of seeking specialization in selection andemployment of officials.The selection of auxiliary personnel went through a process of change fromthe appointment of each department to the pre guarantee of each department and the request of theGrand Council,then to the Department of Supervision and the Grand Council to seek to enhancetheir influence,and finally the emperor took over the decision-making power for the selection andappointment of auxiliary personnel.In the context of the bureaucratic reform the emperor,the GrandCouncil,the Department of Supervision,and the ministries re divided and adjusted the selectionprocedures.Changes in the process show the orientation,path,and complex problems of specializationof bureaucratic reforms in the late Qing Dynasty,reflects the twists and turns from the traditionalministry and academy official selection system to the modern specialized official selection system.Theselection of auxiliary personnel had an impact on other official selection in the late Qing Dynasty andthe early Republic of China.