清前期吐鲁番“土流并治”回众管理模式的形成

The Formation of the Management Mode,"Native Officers and Official Officers Co-governance in Minority Areas" in Turpan during the Early Qing Dynasty

文章利用军机处满文录副奏折等档案,首先考证出乾隆二十六年清廷设置小伯克的吐鲁番回迁威鲁堡回众及原莽噶里克属众分别于乾隆二十八年及三十二年迁居伊犁,此后吐鲁番盆地不再有所谓的"办事大臣—小伯克"回众管理体系,而扎萨克制则在吐鲁番盆地取得了空前的地位,成为当地"世袭土司";其次考证出《清高宗实录》中"令原有之伯克管束"方案是对原始满文档案"令原有扎奇鲁克齐管理"的误编文本;最后指出乾隆年间清廷将原属扎萨克旗的吐鲁番西部四个苏目划归新设领队大臣直辖,实属清代新疆最早之"改土归流"举措,连同东部既有扎萨克郡王体制,使得清前期吐鲁番呈现出"土流并治"的回众管理模式。

Based on textual analysis of transcripts of Manchu palace memorial from Grand Council and other archives,this article first verifies that the Turpan people relocated to Gansu with the Qing military placed under the jurisdiction of the Turpan junior beg in 1761 were later moved to Ili at 1763.Afterwards in 1767,people formerly belonging to the Manglik were also moved to Ili.From that time on,there was no longer a"Minister of Affairs-Junior beg" management system in Turpan basin.However,the Jasagh system had gained unprecedented status in Turpan,and became the local "hereditary Tusi." Secondly,the author proves that the description of the scheme to"let the original beg govern" that laid out in the Shilu (veritable records) was based on a misreading of the original Manchu archive"make the original aèiluqèi manage." Finally,the author points out that the Qing Dynasty classified the four sumus in western Turpan,which belonged to Jasagh banners initially,to the new leading grand minister (Meyen i amban) during the Qianlong reign.This was the earliest bureaucratization of native officials 改土归流 in Xinjiang.Along with the existing Jasagh Junwang administration in eastern Turpan,the special management mode,"Native Officers and Official Officers Co-governance in Minority Areas" also appeared in Turpan.