《四库全书总目》“门户批评”的主调与异音

Main Arguments and Divergent Views in the Criticism of Clique on Si-Ku-Quan-Shu-Zong-Mu

《总目》学术批评的一大论题是学术门户。《总目》认为学术具有公共性,应以公共性的是非为目的,而非私域性的胜负,否则即是门户偏见。根据门户结构群聚与对立的双重关系,《总目》以突显学术独立性为策略,对治与之相应的党同与伐异行为,强调学问贵在自得、自足、自立。但在这一主调以外,《总目》又参杂着各种歧异性的"异音"。首先,各提要对门户行为的基本立场实非完全一致的贬抑,部分提要显现宽容态度。其次,对门户创始者更形成"责始"与"贵始"对立的观点,前者追究创始者开门揖盗之责,后者则认为不能以末流放失并咎创始者。这些歧异打破了对《总目》思想一律性的传统见解,呈现"四库"编纂组织中政治势力与学术势力的矛盾和《总目》意识的多元性。

The dominant idea on the criticism of clique on Si-Ku Quan Shu Zong-Mu,is undoubtedly to eradicateit.It is argued that Dao and works symbolize publicity,and should be judged by the criterion of right-or wrong,rather than victory-or defeat.Otherwise,they would be labeled as clique.Because of the dual relationship of aggregation and antagonism of clique structure,Zong-Mu emphasizes academic independence to deal with the corresponding behavior of uniting with fellows and alienating opponents.In addition to the dominant idea mentioned above,it also mixes with plenty of divergent views.Firstly,basic appraisals on clique behavior in this works are not concordant,since some sections of it show tolerant attitudes to it.Besides,criticism to initiators of cliques even present opposite views between cons and pros,with the former blaming initiators for opening doors to burglars,and the latter supporting initiators’innocence on their followers’faults.This divergence should be attributed to the conflict between political power and academic power in the compilation group of Si-Ku Quan Shu and the pluralism in the compiling consciousness of Si-Ku Quan-Shu-Zong-Mu.