利益·情感·精神:个体第一需要与德育认同的三重逻辑

Interest,Affect,and Spirit:Three Types of Logic in Individuals' Foremost Need and Identification with Moral Education

个体内在需要是由不同需要类型按个体预期比重所构成,其中,在个体特定生命阶段中,对个体最为重要的需要类型为该阶段内的个体第一需要。个体内在需要主要涵盖利益、情感与精神三大向度。从整体上看,个体利益需要包括生存性利益需要、享受性利益需要与发展性利益需要;个体情感需要主要体现在情感表达需要、情感交往需要、情感归属需要与情感记忆需要;个体精神需要涵盖思想需要、价值需要与信仰需要。对于不同个体而言,这些需要的重要程度是不同的。决定德育实效的关键不在于个体各类需要“差不多”地被满足,而在于个体需要是否按其预期比重被满足,尤其是个体第一需要是否被满足。德育主体只有把握差异化个体的预期需要比重,特别是抓住个体第一需要精准施策,方能使个体在德育过程中形成归属感、获得感,进而生成个体对德育的最大化认同。

People’s internal needs have different types which are determined proportionally by their expectations. Among them,in a specific life stage of each individual,the most important type is his or her foremost need. The internal needs mainly cover the three dimensions of interest,affect and spirit.On the whole,people’s interest needs include survival needs,enjoyment needs and developmental needs;their emotional needs are mainly reflected in the needs of emotional expression,communication,belonging,and memory;their spiritual needs include ideological needs,value needs and belief needs. For different individuals,the importance of these needs is different. The key to determining the effectiveness of moral education is not that people’s needs are “almost”met,but whether their needs are met according to their expected proportions,especially whether their foremost needs are met.Moral educators only need to grasp the proportion of the expected needs of differentiated individuals,especially to grasp their foremost needs to accurately implement the moral education policies so that those who receive the moral education can form a sense of belonging and fulfillment in the process of moral education,and then generate their maximum identification with the moral education.