侵犯商业秘密罪保护法益的秩序化界定及其教义学展开

The Definition of Legal Interests Protected through the Criminalization of Trade Secret Infringement as Order and Its Doctrinal Development

《中华人民共和国刑法修正案(十一)》修改了侵犯商业秘密罪的犯罪成立条件,不再要求“给权利人造成重大损失”,只要满足“情节严重”这一定量要素就可构成该罪。这一立法变动,既意味着入罪门槛的进一步降低,也反映出立法者侧重保护市场竞争秩序的规范目的。商业秘密民事保护体系的完善和力度的不断增强,对刑事保护的重心定位产生深刻影响。将权利人财产利益作为侵犯商业秘密罪的唯一保护客体或主要客体,不仅与现行刑法的体系安排相冲突,在危害后果的判断方面,也给司法实践增加了困难,造成了刑事法网的不周延。复杂客体说混淆了事实与价值两个不同层次的还原问题,错误地将价值上的“应还原”理解为事实上的“需还原”,造成了秩序法益与个人法益的纠缠不清,不当贬低了秩序法益独立存在的价值。侵犯商业秘密罪本质上是制度依存性犯罪,立足于激励理论;只有当行为人的侵权行为严重破坏了市场创新激励机制,扰乱了市场竞争秩序,才应动用刑法予以制裁。将公平自由的市场竞争秩序作为侵犯商业秘密罪的保护客体,进而在行为类型的确定和情节严重的判断上,剔除与商业秘密保护目的不相契合的因素,才可以更为合理地构建侵犯商业秘密的刑事制裁体系。

Amendment(XI)to the Criminal Law revised the constituent elements of the crime of trade secret infringement,by not requiring"cause significant damage to the right holder"any more,namely,if the"seriousness of the circumstances"as the quantitative element is satisfied,such crime is constituted.This legislative change does not mean the further lowering of the threshold of incrimination,but also reflects the normative purpose that legislators focus on the protection of market competition order.The improved system and enhanced degree of the civil protection of trade secret have profound impact on the focus and orientation of criminal protection.The opinion that the interests of the rights holder are regarded the only as object or the main object of the protection through the criminalization of trade secret infringement does not only conflict with the systematic arrangement of the current criminal law,but also increases difficulties for judicial practice in terms of deciding the harmful consequence,resulting in an unsound net of criminal law.The doctrine of compound objects confuses two different levels of fact and value in terms of the restoration issue,and misunderstands"should be restored"in terms of value as the"need be restored"in terms of fact,which causes the entanglement of order as the legal interest and personal interest as the legal interest,and unduly underestimates the value of order as an independent legal interest.The crime of trade secret infringement is essentially dependent on system and based on the incentive theory;only when the perpetrator’s infringement seriously undermines the market innovation incentive mechanism and disrupts the market competition order,should the criminal law be used to impose sanction.The fair and free market competition order should be regarded as the object of the protection through criminalization of trade secret infringement,and then in the determination of types of behavior and the decision of serious circumstances,factors not in line with the purpose of protecting the trade secret should be excluded,so as to more reasonably establish the criminal sanction system on trade secret infringement.